336 DAVID M. LEWIS
67 Rihll 2001 : 123 and passim.
68 Tadman 2000 : 1538 (my italics).
69 Braund 2011 : 125–6; Vlassopoulos 2010 : 130.
70 See further Schmitz 2012.
71 For profit-maximizing motives in Athens, see Christesen 2003. For the importance of skilled
workers in the Lavreotiki, see Rihll 2010.
72 Estimate by Davies 1971 : 433–4.
73 That conclusion follows from the stockpiles of shields Pasion possessed from which he
made lavish gifts to the state; see Dem. 45.85 with IG II² 1424a, lines 128–9, 139–40. Edward
Harris also points out to me that in Dem. 36.11, Pasion’s shield factory is seen as a reliable
enterprise with a regular and predictable income. On keeping track of incomings and out-
goings, see Faraguna 2008.
74 If I am correct in supposing that the Chian wine exported to Gordion was in many cases
exchanged for slaves, this suggests a comparable pattern: the key role of imported slave labor
in Chian viticulture has been convincingly argued by Cartledge 1985 : 35–6. In other words,
the products of slave labor in Chios went directly towards purchasing new slaves and per-
petuating Chios’ slave economy.
75 Regarding the archaeological invisibility of slaves, Morris 1998 attempts to show from the
lack of Thracian and Phrygian style housing and pottery in the Lavreotiki that the slaves
resident there had lost – to some degree – their native identities. His argument unravels,
however, once we realize that there is no evidence to suggest that the slaves manufactured
their own pottery or constructed their own houses.
76 On the issue of revolt, see the fine analysis of Cartledge 1985. Van Wees 2003 argues that
systems such as these were widespread, but his view is untenable: such systems constituted
a brief list, and several additions to this list made later in antiquity were spurious (see Lotze
1959 : 53–6); clearly the lists of Plato, Aristotle or even Pollux do not represent the tip of an
helotic iceberg. The criterion that Van Wees uses to greatly expand these brief ‘helotic’ lists
mainly lies in the slave system in question having an odd or distinctive name. On helotage
in comparative perspective, see Luraghi 2009.
77 I would like to thank the audience at the Beyond Self-Sufficiency conference for their ques-
tions and comments on an early version of this paper. Edward Harris, Mirko Canevaro,
Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and P.J. Rhodes all read drafts of the essay and offered helpful sug-
gestions. I also thank Christopher Tuplin for allowing me to read his forthcoming essay on
military iconography in the Persian Empire. Special thanks are due to Samuel Holzman,
who produced the illustrations and has been a valuable source of advice on Achaemenid
Anatolian archaeology. This chapter is dedicated to Donald Murray, who first fired my inter-
est in Persian studies.
78 For moving captives in wagons, see Xen. Hell. 3.3.9.
79 Christopher Tuplin is currently preparing a comprehensive catalogue of military activity on
Achaemenid-era seals.
80 Thompson 1993.
81 Bodel 2005 : 187.