the history of buddhism among the mongols 413
rJe-btsun-dam-pa Qututu, invaded Galdan’s homeland and killed one
of Galdan’s younger brothers. This resulted in a war between Galdan
and the Qalqa princes that lasted for ten years. During this war, Galdan
pushed forward through the Qalqa territories and into Chinese terri-
tory. The Tüsiyetü Khan and the rst rJe-btsun-dam-pa Qututu ed,
and eventually found shelter in Chinese territory near the Southern
Mongolian Sünid tribe. In 1689, Galdan demanded of the Qing to
hand over his enemies, but this demand was not heeded. This meant
an immediate confrontation between Galdan and the Qing. The Qalqa
saw no other way to escape the threat of Galdan than to submit to
the Qing in 1691. The following campaigns of Kangxi against Galdan
ended in 1696 with his crushing defeat in the battle of Úaun Modu, to
the south of present day Ulaanbaatar. A year later, Galdan died.
Kangxi’s victory over Galdan was more than just the destruction of an
enemy who formed a serious threat to Chinese power in the northeast.
It was also a victory over those powers in Tibet that not only strove to
exterminate the alien rule of the Qo od Mongols, but also for the full
independence of Tibet.
With their support of the Qalqa, the Qing had also won the sympa-
thy of the Buddhist clergy, whose leader had found asylum in Chinese
territory. The rJe-btsun-dam-pa Qututu also joined the submission
ceremonies that were performed in Dolonor (Doloan Naur) in the
southeast of Inner Mongolia in 1691.^155
The respect that emperor Kangxi showed to the rJe-btsun-dam-pa
Qututu and to the religion of his new subjects was in conformity with
the principle of the Manchu emperors to use religion to attain political
aims. In the person of the rJe-btsun-dam-pa, Outer Mongolia now had
a supreme religious authority that stood under Manchu Qing in uence.
At this point, Kangxi thought it proper to also appoint a supreme
representative of the dGe-lugs-pa in Inner Mongolia and, above all, in
the capital Beijing. Accordingly he summoned Ngag-dbang-blo-bzang-
chos-ldan (1642–1714), the rst representative of the reincarnation line
of the lCang-skya Qututus, a respected higher Lama from the dGon-
lung monastery in the Tibetan-Mongolian-Chinese border region in the
neighbourhood of Kukunor to Beijing.^156 Unlike the fourth Dalai Lama
and Öndör Gegen, the rst lCang-skya Qututu did not descend from
(^155) Bawden 1989, p. 79.
(^156) On the rst lCang-skya Qututu, see Sagaster 1967.