the northeast 201Sungari River eastward to the Sea of Japan. The eastern Mo-ho
became expert sailors.^8
On Dec.29, 591, Jan.21, 593,^9 and Aug.12, 593, Mo-ho envoys
were received at the Sui court (Sui shu 2:7b, 8a, 8b). At one of these
occasions, Emperor Wen supposedly announced “I look on you as my
sons, and you should honour me as your father”, which is possible,
to which the envoys supposedly replied “Your subjects ... have heard
that in China there is a sage. Therefore we have come to pay court
and salute”, which is impossible. Emperor Wen then “ordered” that
the Mo-ho and Khitan should not attack each other, whereupon the
Mo-ho “apologized”. In reality, the Mo-ho envoys had come on trad-
ing missions, which Emperor Wen, no doubt, approved of. He gave a
banquet, at which the envoys rose and danced. They received brocade
and silk (Pei shih 94:1b-18a; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 326:57a)
On Feb.4, 615, the New Year’s Day, Mo-ho envoys were received
at the Sui court and offered presents (Sui shu 4:9b).
In 621, Mo-ho envoys, together with Khitan envoys, were received
at the T’ang court (Chiu T’ang shu 199B:5b).
In the 11th month (Dec./Jan., 623) of the Chinese year 622, and
again in the 7th month (July/Aug.) of 624, the Mo-ho chief A-ku-lang
personally came to the court (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5023).
In the 4th month (May) of 626, Mo-ho envoys arrived with gifts
(Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5023).
On Jan.4, 630, Mo-ho envoys offered gifts (Tzu-chih t’ung-chien
p.6067).
In the 11th month (Dec./Jan., 633) of the Chinese year 632, Mo-
ho offered gifts. In the 4th month (May) of 634, Mo-ho chiefs were
received at the T’ang court (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5024).
On Feb.3, 645, the New Year’s Day, Mo-ho envoys congratulated
at the T’ang court and offered regional objects (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei
p.5024).
When the Chinese attacked Silla in the 2nd month (March) of 675,
their Mo-ho allies raided the southern coast of Silla by sea (Tzu-chih
t’ung-chien p.6375).
(^8) In the survey below, I exclude those Mo-ho who had willingly or unwillingly
accomodated themselves to China and semi-autonomously lived on Chinese territory.
For the chief T’u Ti-chi and his son Chin-hsing see Chiu T’ang shu 199B:10b, 11a;
Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5023; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 326:57a.
(^9) Correcting chi-yu to yi-yu.