west turkestan 347Kashmir and Afghanistan
Kashmir
Kashmir (map 9) in Chinese was Ko-shih-mi.
In 720, envoys from Kashmir to the T’’ang court offered barbarian
(hu) drugs. Emperor Hsüan-tsung recognized its king and at a later
date his brother and successor. At an unknown time, the latter also
sent envoys, whom the Chinese questioned about the customs of their
country and gave banquet (Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 335:34b).
Hsi-li
Hsi-li was probably situated somewhere in or near Kashmir.
In the intercalary 3rd month (Apr./May) of 646, envoys from Hsi-
li to the T’ang court offered gifts (T’ung-tien 190:9b; Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei
p.5024;Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 335:34b).
Chang-ch’iu-pa
Chang-ch’iu-pa was situated southwest of Hsi-li and bordered in the
south on India (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5024; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 335:34b).
That should place it somewhere in or near Kashmir.
In in the intercalary 3rd month (Apr./May) of 646, the king of
Chang-ch’iu-pa attached envoys to the mission sent to the T’ang court
by Hsi-li and offered gifts (Hsin T’ang shu 221A:13a; Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei
p.5024;Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 335:34b; 338:51b).
Gilgit
The Chinese name of this state was Po-lü. It was situated north of
Kashmir, between the Indus and Hindu Kush and was divided into a
Greater and Lesser Gilgit (Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 335:34b).
In the 12th month (Dec./Jan., 687) of the Chinese year 686, envoys
from Gilgit to the T’ang court offered gifts (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei p.5026).
In the 10th month (Oct./Nov.) of 697, envoys from Gilgit offered