the tang-hsiang 475In the 1st month (Jan./Feb.) of 934, Tang-hsiang offered a deer to
the Khitan court (Liao shih 70:4a).
In the 3rd month (Apr./May) of 935, Tang-hsiang offered gifts to
the Khitan court (Liao shih 70:4a).
On Dec.15, 953, a Tang-hsiang envoy was received at the Later
Chou court (Hsin Wu-tai shih 11:6b).
In the 10th month (Nov./Dec.) of 959, a Tang-hsiang chief offered
40 horses to the Later Chou court. Emperor Shih-tsung inspected the
horses at the Hall of Restoration. The Military Affairs Commissioner
memorialized that when the T’u[-yü-]hun and Tang-hsiang offered
horses, the price they wanted was always paid. But at the time when
the horses were inspected, the envoys were also presented with silken
fabrics. When this expenditure was added to the price, the cost was
doubled. He proposed that the custom be stopped. The emperor
rejected this, since the state was in need of horses.^3 Henceforth, the
horses and sheep of the barbarian tribes kept coming without inter-
ruption (Wu-tai hui-yao 29:11a).
In 961, a member of of a great Tang-hsiang lineage was received
at the Sung court (Sung shih 491:12b; Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 334:27b).
In 968, Emperor T’ai-tsu of Sung appointed one chief of the Tang-
hsiang as Acting Grand Guardian and General Who Has Attached
himself to Virtue, and another as Acting Minister of the Multitude
and General Who Cherishes Civilization (Sung shih 491:12b-13a; Wen-
hsien t’ung-k’ao 334:27b).
In 977, T’ai-tsung of Sung presented a Tang-hsiang chief with gold
and silk and made a covenant with him (Sung shih 491:13a).
In 981, Tang-hsiang offered horses to the Sung court (Sung shih 491:
13a;Wen-hsien t’ung-k’ao 334:27b).
In 982, the younger brother of a great Tang-hsiang chief, whose
tribal area was just north of the Ordos bend of the Yellow River,
offered horses to the Sung court (Sung shih 491:13a-15a; Wen-hsien
t’ung-k’ao 334:27b).
In the 11th month (Dec./Jan., 987) of the Liao year 986, Tang-
hsiang offered gifts to the Liao court of the Khitan (Liao shih 70:
8a).^4
In the 6th month (July/Aug.) of 988, a Tang-hsiang envoy was
received at the Liao court (Liao shih 70:8a).
(^3) The Five Dynasties had no pastures at all.
(^4) Correcting Hsiang-hsiang to Tang-hsiang.