522 hsia
Chin all but three of the seven contemporary rulers.
China is not recorded to have announced the death of a single
member of its imperial houses to Hsia. The Liao is recorded to have
announced to Hsia the deaths of Emperor Sheng-tsung’s mother,
Sheng-tsung, Hsing-tsung, Tao-tsung’s grandmother and mother,
and Tao-tsung. That means every Liao emperor from 983 except, of
course, the last. The Chin is recorded to have announced to Hsia the
deaths of T’ai-tsung, Hsi-tsung, Shih-tsung, and Chang-tsung’s mother.
There is no mention of the Dismissed Emperor, nor of Chang-tsung
and his successors.^53 Hsia is recorded to have announced the deaths
of Yüan-hao’s mother, Liang-tso’s stepmother, Liang-tso, and Ch’ien-
shun’s grandmother to Sung, of Ping-ch’ang’s mother to Liao, and of
Ch’ien-shun and Te-wang to Chin.
It is recorded that Hsia condoled the Sung on the death of Jen-tsung,
Shen-tsung, Che-tsung, and Che-tsung’s grandmother. Chen-tsung
and Ying-tsung are not mentioned. Hui-tsung, and Ch’in-tsung do
not apply, since they died in Jurchen captivity. Hsia condoled Liao on
the deaths of Sheng-tsung (contributing to the funeral expenses) and
T’ao-tsung’s mother. It condoled the Chin on the deaths of Shih-tsung
and Chang-tsung’s mother.
The Sung is recorded to have condoled Hsia on the deaths of
Te-ming’s mother, Te-ming (contributing to the funeral expenses),
Yüan-hao’s mother, Yüan-hao (contributing to the funeral expenses),
Liang-tso’s mother, Ping-ch’ang’s mother, and Ping-ch’ang. Condo-
lences ceased with the Southern Sung.
The Liao is recorded to have condoled Hsia on the deaths of Chi-
ch’ien, Te-ming’s mother, Yüan-hao, and Liang-tso.
The Chin is recorded to have condoled Hsia on the deaths of
Ch’ien-shun and Jen-hsiao.
It became fashionable during this time to present testamentary gifts
of deceased rulers, of Empresses Dowager, and of Grand Empresses
Dowager to foreign courts. Hsia is recorded to have presented such gifts
to Sung after the deaths of Liang-tso’s stepmother and Ping-ch’ang’s
mother, to Liao after the deaths of Chi-ch’ien, Yüan-hao, Liang-tso’s
mother, Liang-tso, and Ping-ch’ang. Sung offered testamentary gifts
of Ying-tsung and Shen-tsung to Hsia. Liao offered testamentary gifts
(^53) The first emperor, T’ai-tsu, died before diplomatic relations were established
between Hsia and Chin.