conclusion 673Conclusion
Emperor Yang of Sui (r.605 to 618) made efforts to establish relations
with foreign countries, and his envoys reached as far as Ch’ih-t’u in
South Asia, Bukhara in West Turkestan, and Persia. His intention
must have been to announce the restoration of the Chinese empire,
to invite homage, and to encourage trade.
When missions arrived from abroad, the Chinese considered this a
recognition of, and submission to, the Son of Heaven, and proceeded
to incorporate the foreign countries into their imginary world empire.
They did this by two methods, by either establishing non-existant
armies under the foreign rulers as Military Commissioners, or by
establishing equally non-existant Area Commands under the foreign
rulers as Military Governors.
These are the imaginary armies with the dates of their first cre-
ation:
The Army Which Protects the Border, of the Hsi, 722.
The Army Which Gives Repose to the Imperial Domain, of the
Khitan, 715.
The Army Which Cherishes Virtue, in Southern India, 720.
The Army Which Brings Repose to the Sea, in Silla, 733.
The Army Which Attaches Itself to Righteousness, of the Uighurs,
840.
The Army Which Attaches Itself to Righteousness, in Sha chou,
851.
The Army Which Fixes Difficulties of the Tang-hsiang/Hsia,
c.883.
The Army West of the [Yellow] River, in the Kan-su Corridor,
926-933.
The Army of Great Righeousness, in Koryo, 932.
The Army Which Quiets the Sea, in Chiao-chih/Annam, 973.
The Army of Great Obedience, in Koryo, 976.
The Army Which Displays Virtue, in Hsia, 980.
The Army Which Quiets the Sea, in Koryo, 988.
The Shuo-fang Army, in Hsia, 1000.
The Army Which Guarantees Obedience, in Tsong-kha, 1036.
The Army West of the [Yellow] River, in Tsong-kha, 1041.