campaign of 1864, which witnessed the expul-
sion of troops under Union Gen. Nathaniel P.
Banks. Magruder then briefly commanded the
District of Arkansas in the fall of 1864 before
resuming command of Texas the following
spring. He surrendered to Union forces at Gal-
veston on June 2, 1865.
Like many disaffected Confederates, Ma-
gruder left the country after the war and relo-
cated to Mexico to escape persecution. He
tendered his services to Emperor Maximilian
and received a major general’s commission.
He also functioned as chief of the Land Office
of Colonization, which was created to encour-
age Confederate settlement of the border re-
gion. Few settlers arrived, so Magruder de-
parted Mexico in November 1866 and, after a
brief stay in Havana, sailed to New York City
to practice law. Restless “Prince John” subse-
quently moved back to New Orleans as a pub-
lic lecturer and finally settled down in Hous-
ton. He died there on February 18, 1871, a
colorful, if overrated, military figure.
See also
Johnston, Joseph E.; Lee, Robert E.
Bibliography
Casdorph, Paul D. Prince John Magruder: His Life and
Campaigns.New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991;
Coombe, Jack D. Gunfire Around the Gulf: The Last
Major Battles of the Civil War.New York: Bantam
Books, 2000; Cotham, Edward T. Battle on the Bay:
The Civil War Struggle for Galveston.Austin: Uni-
versity of Texas Press, 1998; Frazier, Donald S. Cot-
tonclads! The Battle of Galveston and the Defense of
the Texas Coast.Fort Worth, TX: Ryan Place, 1998;
Gallagher, Gary W. Lee and His Generals in War
and Memory.Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univer-
sity Press, 1998; Gallagher, Gary W., ed. The Rich-
mond Campaign of 1862: The Peninsula and the
Seven Days.Chapel Hill: University of North Car-
olina Press, 2000; Grimsely, Mark. “Inside a Belea-
guered City: A Commander and Actor: Prince John
Magruder.”Civil War Times Illustrated21, no. 5
(1982): 14–17, 33–35; Riedel, Leonard W. “John
Bankhead Magruder and the Defense of the Virginia
Peninsula, 1861–1862.” Unpublished master’s thesis,
Old Dominion University, 1991; Spell, Timothy D.
“John Bankhead Magruder: Defender of the Texas
Coast, 1863.” Unpublished master’s thesis, Lamar
University, 1981; Williams, Kenneth H. “Prince With-
out a Kingdom: The Recall of John Bankhead Ma-
gruder.” Civil War History41, no. 1 (1995): 5–21.MANGASCOLORADAS
Mangas Coloradas
(ca. 1795–January 1863)
Apache War Chief
F
earsome Mangas is considered the
greatest war chief of the Apache na-
tion, a giant of a man who spread fear
and terror throughout the Old Southwest and
northern Mexico. After initial peaceful rela-
tions with the United States, he participated
in a series of small wars that eventually led to
his death.
Dasoda-hae (He Just Sits There) was born
probably around 1795 in the southwestern
portion of present-day New Mexico. He be-
longed to the Eastern Chiricahua branch of
the Apache people. The Apaches had occu-
pied this region of North America since at
least the sixteenth century as hunter-gather-
ers until they acquired horses from Spanish
conquistadors. Thereafter, they gained re-
nown as highly mobile, nomadic raiders. As a
young warrior, Dasoda-hae accompanied end-
less raids into the Spanish provinces of Chi-
huahua and Sonora and acquired a reputation
as a fierce and cunning warrior. He was also