passed them during their advance. For the
next six months Clark and his successor, Lu-
cian K. Truscott, battered against formidable
German defenses, taking heavy losses and
making few gains. It was not until April 1945
that the Allies reached the foot of the Alps,
and Senger was detailed to conduct peace ne-
gotiations. He then spent the next two years
as a prisoner in England before being re-
leased in Holland.
After the war, Senger worked as a school-
master, a journalist, and a military commenta-
tor for Southwest German radio in 1952. He
subsequently helped author the so-called
Himmeroder Report, which outlined German
rearmament and the creation of a new army,
the Bundeswehr. Given his solid anti-Nazi cre-
dentials, Senger headed a military board that
screened former Wehrmacht personnel to en-
sure they were untainted by the past. He de-
termined that the new German army would
reflect time-honored values of duty, honor,
and integrity—the same high standards he
himself abided by. This cultured aristocrat
then penned a set of memoirs, which have
been a hailed as a masterpiece of the genre. In
them he agonized over Nazism, events at
Cassino, and the senseless destruction of St.
Benedict’s hallmark. The able, affable Senger
und Etterlin died at Freiburg-im-Breisgau on
January 4, 1963. Contemptuous of Hitler and
the Nazis, he sought only to serve God and
country to the best of his abilities.Bibliography
Barnett, Correlli, ed. Hitler’s Generals. New York:
Grove Weidenfield, 1989; Deighton, Len. Blitzkrieg:
From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk.Lon-
don: Jonathan Cape, 1993; Ellis, John.Cassino, the
Hollow Victory: The Battle for Rome, January–
June, 1944.New York: McGraw Hill, 1984; Fritz,
Stephen G. Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in
World War II.Lexington: University Press of Ken-
tucky, 1995; Graham, Dominick. Cassino.New York:
Ballantine Books, 1972; Hapgood, David. Monte
Cassino: The True Story of the Most Controversial
Battle of World War II.New York: Congdon and
Weed, 1984; Hunt, Stephen. The German Soldier in
World War II.Osceola, WI: MBI, 2000; Lucas, James
S. The Last Year of the German Army, May
1944–May 1945.London: Arms and Armour, 1994;
Piekalkiewicz, Janusz. Cassino: Anatomy of a Bat-
tle. London: Orbis, 1980; Senger und Etterlin,
Fridolin. “The Battles of Cassino.” Journal of the
Royal United Service Institution 103, no. 610
(1958): 208–214; Senger und Etterlin, Fridolin. Nei-
ther Fear nor Hope.New York: E. P. Dutton, 1964.SHEAFFE, ROGERHALE
Sheaffe, Roger Hale
(July 17, 1763–July 17, 1851)
English General
A
merican-born Sheaffe was a tough and
competent professional officer who
shouldered Upper Canada’s military
and civil responsibilities during the War of
- Having won the Battle of Queenston
Heights, he ran afoul of the governor-general
and was ultimately replaced.
Roger Hale Sheaffe was born in Boston,
Massachusetts, on July 17, 1763, the son of a
deputy collector of customs. While still a
child he came under the patronage of the al-
truistic Lord Hugh Percy, Duke of Northum-
berland, who arranged for his education at
the Lockes Military Academy, London. In May
1778, Percy arranged an ensign’s commission
for Sheaffe in the Fifth Regiment of Foot, in
which he served as colonel. In this capacity
Sheaffe performed six years of garrison duty