stripped her of her citizenship, and levied a
$10,000 fine. Toguri remained behind bars
until April 13, 1956. Once released she was
summarily warned by the Immigration Ser-
vice to leave the country or be deported.
Now free, Toguri became something of a
cause célèbre in legal circles when her attor-
ney, Wayne M. Collins, successfully resisted
her deportation proceedings. She thereafter
conducted a relentless campaign to clear her
name, especially after it was revealed that
several prosecution witnesses had been co-
erced into making false statements. More-
over, personal friends portrayed her convic-
tion as a racial miscarriage of justice and
labored unsuccessfully to have her pardoned
by Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon
B. Johnson, and Richard M. Nixon. In 1975, a
massive campaign by Asian Americans was
launched to pardon the former and allegedly
malevolent disc jockey. Noguri, the much ro-
manticized Tokyo Rose, finally had her citi-
zenship restored by President Gerald Ford on
January 19, 1977. She still resides quietly in a
Chicago suburb at the age of 85, a victim of
unfortunate circumstances and wartime ra-
cial intolerance.Bibliography
Coopman, Clover, “War of Words and Music: Veterans
Remember “Tokyo Rose.” Master’s thesis. 1988;
Duus, Masayo. Tokyo Rose: Orphan of the Pacific.
Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1979; Fazio, Romas
M. “The Effect of the Broadcasts of ‘Tokyo Rose’
During World War II.” Unpublished master’s thesis,
Pennsylvania State University, 1968; Hada, John J.
“The Indictment and Trial of Iva Ikuko Toguri
D’Aquino.” Unpublished master’s thesis, University
of San Francisco, 1973; Howe, Russell W. The Hunt
for “Tokyo Rose.” Lanham, MD: Madison Books,
1990; Uyeda, Clifford. “The Pardoning of Tokyo
Rose.” Amerasia Journal5, no. 2 (1978): 69–93;
Ward, David A. “The Unending War of Iva Ikuko
Toguri: The Trial and Conviction of Tokyo Rose.”
Ameriasia Journal1, no. 2 (1971): 26–35.TRYON, WILLIAM
Tryon, William
(June 8, 1729–January 27, 1788)
English Colonial Governor
T
ryon was the aggressive and capable
governor of North Carolina and New
York during the turbulent years leading
up to the American Revolution. He accom-
plished many useful reforms and restored
frontier order, but his preference for military
action made him a hated figure.
William Tryon was born in Surrey, England,
the son of a well-to-do family of Dutch ances-
try. Using his family’s wealth, in 1751 he pur-
chased a lieutenant’s commission in the elite
First Regiment of Foot Guards, rising there to
lieutenant colonel by 1757. However, that
year he married the wealthy Margaret Wake
and resigned his commission in favor of pur-
suing politics. He became closely associated
with his brother-in-law, Lord Hillsborough,
head of the Board of Trade, and in 1764 Tryon
gained an appointment as lieutenant governor
of North Carolina. He arrived in the colony
that fall and, in March 1765, was appointed
governor following the death of Arthur
Dobbs.
As governor Tryon evinced a pattern of
earnestness, goodwill, and efficiency that be-
lied his military background. However, he
was intolerant of defiance to his authority—
and quick to use force to defend it. Once in
office, he went to great lengths to help estab-
lish the Anglican Church, in the belief that it
would contribute to political stability. He was
also actively involved in settling boundary