MALAYA EMERGENCY• 323MAKARIOS, ARCHBISHOP.Strongly suspected of providing secret
support to theEOKA(National Organization of Cypriot Combat-
ants) movement during the Cyprus Emergency and offering political
advice and leadership to Colonel George Grivas, the American-edu-
cated Archbishop Makarios III was the subject ofMI5surveillance
conducted by Philip Ray from MI5 and the local Special Branch,
headed by George Meikle. He was finally arrested and detained in
March 1956. After his release from internment in the Seychelles,
Makarios negotiated independence for Cyprus in 1959 and a settle-
ment with the British, which brought him under pressure because of
his fear that details of his homosexual relationships, including one
with aSecret Intelligence Servicesource, would be disclosed.
MAKAROV, VIKTOR.A formerKGBofficer working in the super-
secret 16th Directorate, which handled communications, Viktor
Makarov was arrested in Moscow in 1987, convicted of espionage,
and sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment at the Perm-35 labor camp.
Pardoned five years later, Makarov then lodged a political asylum
request with the British embassy and was exfiltrated through the Bal-
tic to England forresettlementin Bournemouth, Dorset. Dissatisfied
with his pension, Makarov launched a public campaign to complain
about his experience and brought a legal action, which was settled by
the Treasury Solicitor for £65,000.
In January 2004 Makarov was reported to be living on modest wel-
fare benefits in a tiny house on the outskirts of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
in northern England. ‘‘I risked my life to communicate vitally impor-
tant information to them, and may well have got killed by KGB men
for my activity,’’ he alleged. He also expressed concern about his
fiance ́e, Olga Bireva, an interpreter who had first made contact with
theSecret Intelligence Serviceon his behalf but subsequently disap-
peared.
MALAYA EMERGENCY.A Chinese insurgency in Malaya between
1948 and 1957 that was to have a profound impact on the British
Intelligence organization and its personnel. The Federation of Ma-
laya, newly created in 1948, inherited a conventional security struc-
ture of a police Special Branch; a small Security Service, headed by
Colonel John Dalley; and army military intelligence units led by the