448 • REZIDENT
spent much time in prewar China, joined SIS’s Southeast Asia staff;
Brian Connell, latterly ITV’s chief commentator on foreign affairs,
went into Naval Intelligence, whileCourtney Youngbecame amole
hunter atMI5. Frederick Vanden Heuvel, a legendary SIS officer
who was also a count of the Holy Roman Empire (and a director of
Eno’s Fruit Salts) masqueraded as the assistant press attache ́in Bern,
Switzerland, throughout the war, and his SIS colleague Wilfred Hin-
dle, who masterminded many of SIS’s anti-Soviet operations, wrote
Portrait of a NewspaperandForeign Correspondentwhile based at
SIS’s station in prewar Budapest.REZIDENT.The title of the senior Russian intelligence officers in Lon-
don. The ‘‘legal’’ rezident, commanding therezidenturaat the em-
bassy, acts in parallel to his counterparts, the ‘‘illegal’’rezidentand
theGRUrezident. Therezidentat the embassy usually ranks as colo-
nel or general, works independently of the rest of the diplomatic mis-
sion, and is accountable directly toMoscow Centerand not to the
ambassador. Before and during the Cold War, the identity of therezi-
dentwas not declared to his British hosts, and one ofMI5’s principal
objectives was to identify him and place him under physical and tech-
nical surveillance in the hope of establishing the names of his subor-
dinates and their contacts. Therezident’s office is known as the
referenturaand is located in a closely guarded upper floor where
countermeasures have been taken to prevent eavesdropping.
TheOGPU/NKVD/KGBlegal rezidents based at the Soviet em-
bassy in London were N. N. Alekseyev (1924 –25), N. V. Rakov
(1925–27), P. A. Zolotussky (Feb–May 1927), Yevgenny P. Mitskev-
ich (1932–33), Max M. Zinde (1933–35),Adolf S. Chapsky(1936–
37), Grigory B. Grafpen (1937–38),Anatoli V. Gorsky(acting,
1938–Feb 1940; official, Dec 1940–44), Ivan A. Chichayev (1941–
43), Konstantin M. Kukin (1944 –47), Nikolai B. Rosin (1947–52),
Georgi M. Zhivotovsky (1952–53), Sergei L. Tikhvinsky (1953–55),
Yuri I. Modin(1955–56), Nikolai B. Rodin alias ‘‘Korovin’’ (1956 –
61), Nikolai B. Litvinov (1961–62), Nikolai B. Bagrichev (1962–
64), Mikhail T. Chizhov (1964 –66), Mikhail I. Lopatin (1966 –67),
Yuri N. Voronin (1967–71), Leonid A. Rogov (1971), Yevgeny I. La-
zobny (1971–72), Yakov K. Lukasevics (1972–80),Arkadi V. Gouk
(1980–84), and Leonid Y. Nikitenko (1984 –85).