three years earlier and was living in Swiss exile. Mazzini’s larger
plan called for the formation of Young Europe based on the concepts
of freedom, equality, and “religioni di patria” (devotion to country)
and consisting of four national groups: Italian, German, Polish, and
Swiss. Largely because of diplomatic pressure applied by Austrian
chancellor Klemens von Metternich, Swiss authorities soon inter-
vened and forced Mazzini and his followers to leave the country.
Barth, who headed the Junges Deutschland group in Bern, left
for England but returned later to Switzerland to organize a German
workers’ association. By contrast, Strohmeyer, departing the country
in 1837, agreed to be an informant for the Mainzer Informations-
büro (MIB), Metternich’s foreign surveillance operation. Despite
sharing the identical name and many of the same revolutionary
goals, Junges Deutschland had no direct ties to the circle of literary
intellectuals around Heinrich Heine and Ludwig Börne. Both groups,
however, were closely monitored by MIB agents. See also LESS-
ING, LUDWIG.JURETZKO, NORBERT. See FOERTSCH, VOLKER.
JURISTISCHE HOCHSCHULE DES MfS (JHS). The leading
educational and research institution of the Ministerium für Staatssi-
cherheit (MfS), the Juristische Hochschule des MfS (MfS School of
Law) traces its origins to the Schule des MfS (MfS School) estab-
lished on 16 June 1951 in Potsdam-Eiche. Initially concerned with
instilling military and ideological discipline, it counted some 200
students in the first class. Although renamed the Hochschule des MfS
(MfS College) in 1956, it did not acquire the status of a university
until 1965, when it officially became the JHS. In 1968, on the 75th
birthday of East German leader Walter Ulbricht, the right to award
doctoral degrees was granted.
Unlike other schools of jurisprudence, however, the JHS was
unknown to the general public and unlisted in the GDR’s published
list of institutions of higher learning. It focused primarily on reinforc-
ing Marxist-Leninist principles and developing specific operational
skills; legal and constitutional issues received only peripheral atten-
tion. As the stated objective was to bring together theory and prac-
tice, those admitted to the school had to have completed at least three
214 • JURETZKO, NORBERT