involving several Austrian Jacobins was uncovered. Hoping to ingra-
tiate himself with the police by revealing the identity of other leading
Hungarian Jacobins, he was nevertheless found guilty of being the
prime conspirator in a series of secret but fairly conducted trials. In
May 1795, Martinovics was beheaded in Buda after first having to
watch the execution of four of his closest Hungarian collaborators.MAROGNA-REDWITZ, RUDOLF COUNT VON (1886–1944). A
senior Abwehr officer and member of the anti-Nazi resistance, Ru-
dolf Count von Marogna-Redwitz was born in Munich on 15 October
1886, the son of a Bavarian-Austrian noble family. Severely wounded
in combat, he completed his service in World War I associated with
Abteilung IIIb. His intelligence responsibilities continued with the
postwar Reichswehr, disguised under the sham German Overseas
Service. Prior to 1938, Marogna-Redwitz was the leading Abwehr
officer in Munich, concentrating on Czechoslovakia and maintaining
relations with Austrian defense officials. His Catholic and monar-
chist background made him ill-disposed to the Nazi regime from the
outset. After being named head of the Vienna Abwehrstelle in 1938,
he used his position to aid many victims of persecution, especially
Jews who were enlisted as agents by his subordinate Emmerich von
Boxberg. In light of the mistrust shown by the Sicherheitsdienst and
the Gestapo, Reinhard Heydrich pressed for Marogna-Redwitz’s
dismissal, but Abwehr head Wilhelm Canaris unflinchingly kept
him at his post. Working closely with Hans Oster and Erwin von
Lahousen, Marogna-Redwitz emerged as a key figure in the con-
spiracy of 20 June 1944. Its failure, however, resulted in his arrest.
He was executed at Plötzensee Prison on 12 October 1944.MASSING, HEDE (1903–1981). A successful Soviet recruiter who
defected to the United States, Hede Massing was born Hede Tune
in Vienna. Her marriage in 1920 to Gerhardt Eisler, a leading figure
of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, brought her to Berlin
but ended several years later in divorce. After a second relationship
with Julian Gumperz, a wealthy Marxist publisher born in the United
States, she later married the sociologist and spy Paul Massing. Her
interest in espionage whetted by Richard Sorge in Berlin, Mass-
ing began to work for the Soviet GRU (military intelligence) under
MASSING, HEDE • 285