the airport. After their interrogation, the whole cell was arrested and
incriminating documents and the keys to a network of safe houses
were discovered.
The head of Caesarea Division in the Mossad, Michael (Mike)
Harari, had led the operation. Harari managed to escape and was
never turned in to the Norwegian authorities by Israel. The rest of the
team members were captured by the Norwegian authorities. On 1
February 1973 Dan Arbel, Avraham Gehmer, and Sylvia Raphael
were convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to five years
in prison. Marianne Gladnikoffwas sentenced to two and a half
years in prison, Zvi Steinberg was sentenced to one year, and
Michael Dorf, who was responsible for communications between the
members of the hit team, was freed. However, they were all released
soon thereafter and returned to Israel.
The Israeli government attempted at the time to deny its responsibil-
ity for the murder. In 1996 Israel agreed to provide the family of Bouch-
iki with compensation. See also WRATH OF GOD OPERATION.LIPKIN-SHAHAK, AMNON (1944– ).Lipkin-Shahak was born in
Tel Aviv and as a teenager went to a military cadet boarding school.
In 1962 he was drafted for national service in the Israel Defense
Forces (IDF). In a long military career, he moved steadily through the
ranks, all the way from squad commander to the chief of the General
Staff. He also graduated from the IDF Command and Staff College,
the National Security College, and a Marine Command and Staff Col-
lege course in the United States and completed a degree in general
history at Tel Aviv University.
In the 1967 Six-Day Warand the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Lipkin-
Shahak served as a paratroop battalion commander and deputy
brigade commander, respectively. During his military service, he was
decorated twice for bravery for his conduct: in the Inferno Operation,
Karameh, Jordan, in 1968 as a captain; and in the 1973 Spring of
Youth Operationas a lieutenant colonel. During the 1982 Peace for
Galilee Operation, Lipkin-Shahak commanded the Beirut and Shouf
sectors in Lebanon. He was appointed head of the IDF Central Com-
mand in 1983 and promoted to major general. In 1986 he became the
director of Military Intelligence, holding this position until 1991
when he was made deputy chief of the General Staff. In 1995 he be-160 • LIPKIN-SHAHAK, AMNON06-102 (03) H-P.qxd 3/24/06 7:24 AM Page 160