quire U.S. technology, and 57 of them had used covert methods
against U.S. corporations. To counter the threat, the FBI listed a ros-
ter of countries spying against American companies on its National
Security Threat List(NSTL). To bolster the effort against industrial
espionage, the Clinton administration also established the National
Counterintelligence Executive (NCIX), intended to coordinate intel-
ligence, counterintelligence, and law enforcement agencies in their
attempts to prevent foreign economic espionage.ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE.Economic intelligence refers to ba-
sic information about a country’s economic output, trade relations,
and infrastructure. See alsoECONOMIC ESPIONAGE ACT OF
1996; INDUSTRIALESPIONAGE.EDMONDS, EMMA (1841–1898).Purported to be a Union spy dur-
ing the American Civil War, Emma Edmonds masqueraded as a
male, with the alias Frank Thompson, to enlist in the Union army in- She subsequently claimed to have been recruited by General
George B. McClellan to conduct espionageagainst the Confederacy.
However, Allan Pinkerton, McClellan’s espionage chief, does not
mention her at all in his writings, thereby casting doubt on Emma Ed-
monds’s claims to have spied for McClellan. That she was also Pri-
vate Frank Thompson, however, is substantiated by the fact that Con-
gress awarded her a pension in 1886, and she was admitted to a Civil
War veterans association as its only female member.
EISENHOWER, DWIGHT D. (1890–1969).Thirty-fourth president
of the United States between 1953 and 1961. President Eisenhower
came to office with vast experience in military affairs and enormous
public support. A former president of Columbia University, Eisen-
hower’s foreign policy focused on easing the strains of the Cold War
while keeping the country militarily strong. He argued strongly for
proliferating nuclear energy in his “atoms for peace” initiative and
providing a semblance of transparency in Soviet-American relations
in his “open skies” proposal.
In conjunction with his moderate policies, President Eisenhower
presided over the dramatic expansion of the U.S. intelligence com-
munity (IC). During his tenure as president, the Central IntelligenceEISENHOWER, DWIGHT D.•6305-398 (2) Dictionary.qxd 10/20/05 6:27 AM Page 63