activities and programs of U.S. intelligence agencies and assess their
legality, efficiency, and effectiveness. Executive Order (EO) 12334,
issued on 4 December 1981 by President Ronald Reagan, placed the
IOB within the Executive Office of the President and gave the board
its legal authorities. In 1993, the IOB was made a standing commit-
tee of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
(PFIAB), with four members of the PFIAB appointed by its chair-
man. Executive Order (EO) 13301, issued by President George W.
Bushon 14 May 2003, increased the IOB’s membership to five. The
IOB conducts independent oversightinvestigations as required and
reviews the oversight practices and procedures of the inspectors gen-
eral and general counsels of intelligence agencies.INTELLIGENCE REFORM AND TERRORISM PREVENTION
ACT.Passed by Congress in December 2004, the legislation reor-
ganized the intelligence community (IC) by creating the position of
the director of national intelligence(DNI) and transferring some
significant powers to him from the director of central intelligence
(DCI) and the secretary of defense. Specifically the law created the
National Intelligence Authority(NIA)—akin to the one created in
January 1946 to oversee the activities of the Central Intelligence
Group(CIG)—and placed the DNI at its head. It established a civil
liberties board to monitor government counterterrorism agencies for
violations of civil and privacy rights and an Analytic Review Unit
within the ombudsman’s office to review the estimative and analytic
process. The law also mandated a unified network for information
sharing among federal, state, and local agencies and the private sec-
tor. Moreover, it included provisions for adding border patrol agents;
installing cameras in baggage-handling areas of airports; increasing
cargo inspections; taking measures designed to secure borders trans-
portation and critical infrastructure; and promoting outreach to the
Muslim world in order stem terroristrecruiting and improve the im-
age of the United States.INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUPS (IWGs).IWGs are commit-
tees of the National Security Council (NSC) that coordinate imple-
mentation of decisions made at the higher levels of the NSC. Some
IWGs are permanent and some are ad hoc. Under the supervision of100 • INTELLIGENCE REFORM AND TERRORISM PREVENTION ACT05-398 (2) Dictionary.qxd 10/20/05 6:27 AM Page 100