Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

operation in November 1961 under the policy direction of the 5412

Special Groupof the National Security Council (NSC). President

Kennedy designated General Edward G.Lansdale, who had imple-

mented Operation Goldin the mid-1950s, to act as chief of opera-

tions. Operation Mongoose included a series of disparate but related

activities, including paramilitary actions, sabotage, and political

propaganda. President Kennedy terminated Operation Mongoose

after the Cuban Missile Crisisin October 1962.

MORNING SUMMARY. The morning summary is the current intel-

ligencepublication of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research

(INR) in the Department of State. INR coordinatesthe summary

within the State Department and delivers it to the secretary of state

five times a week.

MOUNTAIN (OPERATION).Acovert program initiated by the Cen-

tral Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the late 1950s and continued well

into the 1960s in conjunction with Israel’s Mossad to employ its ex-

cellent contacts to mount intelligence gathering and influence opera-

tions in the Third World. As part of the program, the CIAused Israeli

proprietary companies, such as the Reynolds Construction Com-

pany, to build intelligence communications facilities in Iran, Turkey,

and Ethiopia. In the 1960s, moreover, the CIAextended the program

into other areas of Africa where Sovietanticolonial propagandahad

given it an advantage over the United States. Israel sent agricultural

advisors, irrigation specialists, and other experts to African nations to

promote economic development, but the CIAand Mossad also pro-

vided weapons and internal security training when some African

leaders expressed interest in them. Such arrangements provided

American and Israeli intelligence excellent opportunities for intelli-

gence gathering. The Israeli proprietary company Zimex Aviation,

for example, sold Libyan strongman Muammar Qaddafi an airplane

whose crew was comprised entirely of Israeli and American agents.

Asimilar operation was set in place when Ugandan dictator Idi Amin

purchased a whole fleet of aircraft from Zimex.

MUJAHIDEEN, AFGHAN.The Afghan mujahideen were loosely al-

lied Islamic and nationalist groups brought together by the common

goal of ousting Soviet military forces that had invaded Afghanistan

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