Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

rently a power reserved to governors, or to use the military for civil-

ian defense, including enforcing quarantines in case of a biological

weapons attack.

POWERS, FRANCIS GARY (1929–1977).Francis Gary Powers

was the air force pilot who flew the U-2aircraft that was shot down

over the Soviet Unionon 1 May 1960. The incident soured Soviet-

American relations, prompting the cancellation of a presidential

summit meeting. Soviet authorities put Powers on trial for espi-

onage, convicted him, and sentenced him to 10 years confinement,

three in prison and seven at hard labor. Powers was exchanged for

Soviet spymaster Rudolph Abelon 10 February 1962. Following

his return to the United States, Francis Gary Powers wrote his mem-

oirs and worked as a pilot for a Los Angeles television station. He

died in 1977 in a helicopter crash.

PREDATOR (PROGRAM).Amedium altitude unmanned aerial ve-

hicle (UAV) that uses a variety of sensors to gather tactical intelli-

gence, such as the number of tanks, vehicles, and troops. The drone’s

electro-optical sensors provide high-resolution images. It also carries

infrared sensors that can track heat sources; high-tech synthetic aper-

ture radar (SAR) that can penetrate bad weather or nighttime; and

live video that can be transmitted to ground stations in real time.

PRESIDENTIAL DECISION DIRECTIVE (PDD).In the adminis-

tration of President William J. Clinton,the presidential decision di-

rectives were equivalent to the national security decision directives

(NSDDs) of the Ronald Reaganadministration and the national se-

curity directives(NSDs) of the George H. W. Bushadministration.

While the number of PDDs issued by President Clinton remains a se-

cret, his administration probably issued more than 70 such directives.

PDDs were instructions and guidance to federal agencies on imple-

menting administration policy. See alsoNATIONAL SECURITY

PRESIDENTIALDIRECTIVE.

PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE (PD).Presidential orders during the

administration of President Jimmy Carter. President Carter issued at

least 54 PDs during his tenure.

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