Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

General Smith also adopted the recommendations of an early 1949 re-

port to the National Security Council (NSC) by a commission chaired

by Allen W. Dullesto streamline procedures for gathering and dis-

seminating intelligence. He also created a new Office of National Es-

timates (ONE)specifically dedicated to producing national estimates.

The newly established Board of Estimates (BOE), moreover, set the

procedures for the estimative process that lasted over two decades. DCI

Smith stepped up efforts to obtain current economic, psychological,

and photographic intelligence (PHOTINT).

By the end of 1950, DCI Smith had reorganized the CIAby form-

ing, on 1 December 1950, the Directorate of Administration, beginning

a process of reorganization that divided CIA operations by function

into three directorates—Administration, Plans, and Intelligence. The

Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), formed in 1948, continued to

exercise control over covert action, but DCI Smith began its gradual

assimilation under his control. In early January 1951, DCI Smith made

Allen Dulles the first deputy director for plans (DDP), to supervise

both the OPC and the CIA’s separate espionageorganization, the Of-

fice of Special Operations(OSO). In January 1952, the DCI unified all

analytic functions under a deputy director of intelligence (DDI). He

also merged the OSO and the OPC—each of which had its own cul-

ture, methods, and pay scales—into an effective, single Directorate of

Plans (DP) in August 1952. DCI Smith left an enduring legacy as a di-

rector who shaped U.S. intelligence effectively to fight the Cold War.

SONS OF LIBERTY.Aradical patriotic association of colonists dur-

ing the American Revolution, Sons of Liberty organizations came

into existence in 1765 in reaction to the Stamp Act. The first chapter

was located in Connecticut, but local groups quickly sprang up in all

the colonies, with New York and Massachusetts being most active.

Through mob action, the Sons of Liberty intimidated British officials,

and through propaganda,they stimulated the patriots to action. In

some instances, local groups engaged in intelligence collection and

assumed government functions. See also COMMITTEE OF SE-

CRETCORRESPONDENCE.

SOUERS, REAR ADMIRAL SIDNEY (1892–1973).First director of

central intelligence(DCI) between 23 January and 10 June 1946.

President Harry S. Trumanappointed Souers the first chief of the

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