MKULTRAinitiated.27 July:Korean truce takes effect.16 August:CIA
overthrows Iranian prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh.1954 Soviet NKVD renamed KGB. Geneva Accords on Vietnam. 2
June:CIA overthrows Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz. 24 No-
vember:President Dwight D. Eisenhower approves the building of the
U-2 spy plane.2 December: Senate censures Wisconsin senator Joseph
McCarthy.1955 Milstar military communications satellites launched. 1 May:
Warsaw Pact is established.1955–1956 Berlin Tunnel Operation.1956 President Dwight D. Eisenhower establishes President’s Board
of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities. U-2 flights begin.
February:Premier Khrushchev’s secret speech to the Twentieth Con-
gress of the Communist Party. June:CIA acquires Premier Nikita S.
Khrushchev’s secret speech and makes it public. 4 July:U-2 spy plane
makes its first flight. 26 July:Egyptian president Gamel Abdul Nasser
nationalizes the Suez Canal, sparking a crisis. August:CIA begins de-
velopment of SR-71 supersonic spy plane to replace the U-2. October:
Revolt in Hungary against Soviet forces. 29 October:Israeli forces at-
tack Egypt. 31 October:A combined Franco-British military force at-
tacks Egypt. 15 November:United Nations Emergency Force arrives in
Egypt, thereby defusing Suez Crisis.1957 27 June: Ploughshares Program approved. 4 October:Soviet
Union launches Sputnik, first man-made satellite in earth orbit.1958 CIA’s National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) es-
tablished; incorporates Photographic Intelligence Division. CIA-backed
attempt to overthrow President Sukarno of Indonesia. Joint Intelligence
Committee disbanded. Soviet Union launches the Sputnik satellite.1959 January:Fidel Castro comes to power in Cuba. 29 May:Con-
gress passes the National Security Act of 1959.1960 CIA authorized to assassinate Patrice Lumumba of the Congo;
operation aborted. Air force establishes Office of Missile and Satellite
Systems. March:President Eisenhower approves covert operation to in-
filtrate guerrillas into Cuba. Viet Minh guerrillas begin full-scale revoltCHRONOLOGY• xxix05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:14 AM Page xxix