Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence

commander over the possible capture of West Point in New York.

When American forces captured a courier—Major John Andre—with

correspondence implicating Arnold, he defected to the British, re-

ceiving a substantial reward for his defection in the form of pay, land,

and a pension. The British, who distrusted Arnold, refused to give

him a military commission, and he died in London in 1801 in relative

obscurity. Benedict Arnold’s name has become a euphemism for trea-

son in the United States.

ASPIN/BROWN COMMISSION. See COMMISSION ON THE

ROLES AND CAPABILITIES OF THE UNITED STATES INTEL-

LIGENCE COMMUNITY.

ASSASSINATIONS.The Hughes-Ryan Amendment of 1974 was the

first piece of legislation to ban political assassinations by the Central

Intelligence Agency (CIA), which had been implicated in such

schemes as Operation Mongooseagainst Cuba’s Fidel Castroand

the overthrow and death of Chilean president Salvador Allendein

1973. President Jimmy Carter’s Executive Order(EO) 12036 ex-
      tended the ban to the rest of the U.S. government. Executive Order
      12333, which still is in effect, reaffirmed EO 12036’s application.
      The ban is still in effect, although the USA PATRIOT Actand other
      legislation passed in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 11 Sep-
      tember 2001now allow the president to authorize the assassination
      of terrorists and other select individuals on a case-by-case basis.

ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY

AFFAIRS (APNSA). Commonly referred to as the national security

advisor, the APNSAadvises the president on national security mat-

ters and heads the National Security Council (NSC) staff.

ASSOCIATION OF FORMER INTELLIGENCE OFFICERS

(AFIO). Established in 1975 by retired and former intelligence offi-

cers, AFIO is a nonprofit educational organization, promoting under-

standing of the role of intelligence in American national security and

foreign policy. It also provides a forum in which former intelligence

professionals can exchange ideas and make their expertise available

to the corporate and private sectors. The association’s central office

ASSOCIATION OF FORMER INTELLIGENCE OFFICERS•11

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