Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions. Yu Hyongwon and the Late Choson Dynasty - James B. Palais
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 1033
- See ibid. 3: I287-91, for a. discussion of men who ran away from battle.
- For heroes, see the description of Chong Pal's exploits at the battle of Pusan in
ibid., pp. 235-41, and those of the Tongnae magistrate (pusa), Song Sanghyon, at the
battle of Tongnae (4. I 5 lunar) against a Japanese force of 20,000, in ibid., pp. 240-49.
For the failure of Sin Rip, the general circuit defense commander (Tosunbyonsa), to defend
Bird Pass (Saejae) at the battle of Ch'ungju on May 17-19, 1592, see ibid., pp. 254,
266-77. Yi Hyongsok rebutted the charges against Sin, that he erred in failing to defend
Bird Pass, and said that he was just overwhelmed by superior and better trained troops.
For the battle at Mugye, see ibid., pp. 324-26, for Wcm Ho at Kumip'o, see pp. 334-36,
for the battle at Un'am, see ibid., pp. 362-64. Korean forces suffered disastrous defeat
soon after at the battle ofYong'in just south of Seoul (July 7-14, 1592) and opened the
path to Seoul despite an enormous numerical advantage (50,000 to only 2,000 Japanese
troops) because of poor tactics and organization. See ibid. 1 :327-34. For the failure to
defend the route to Seoul, see ibid. 1:198-204; 3:I280-85.
- Ibid. 1:143-47, 152-53,287-91,314-24.
- Elisonas, "Inseparable Trinity," pp. 276-78; Yi Hyongsok, Imjin challansa 2:864-70.
- Hideyoshi's seven conditions that were not revealed to the Ming emperor were:
(I) investiture of a Ming princess as the queen of Japan; (2) conclusion of a treaty of
trade and friendship between Japan and Ming China: (3) an exchange of oaths and pledges
between officials of the two countries; (4) cession of four Korean provinces to Japan; (5)
conveyance of a Korean prince and a couple of high officials to Japan as hostages; (6)
return of the two captured Korean princes; and (7) a pledge signed by Korean officials
and presented to Japan to abide by the treaty. Yi Hyongsok, Imjin ch611ansa 2:876.
- Ibid. 2:889,914-23. Yi Hyongsok believed that the peace negotiations were main-
tained mainly by the efforts of Konishi Yukinaga and Shen Wei-ching, including their
willingness to take the risk offorging the letter of submission from Hideyoshi to the Ming
emperor. They sent Konishi Joan with the seven conditions imposed by Hideyoshi to China
to ask for ponggong (investiture and tribute), dispatched two Chinese officials to Japan
to conduct peace talks with Hideyoshi, and created two phony officials on their own author-
ity to further the negotiations, a Chinjusa (envoy to present a memorial to the emperor)
and a Ming imperial envoy (from the Ming emperor to Hideyoshi). Ibid. 2:863.
- Ibid. 2:922-29. Shih Hsing, the Ming minister of war, who was the leading offi-
cial at the Ming court responsible for the negotiations, and Shen Wei-ching, the leading
negotiator, were both cashiered after the negotiations fell apart. Shih died in jail, and
Shen was executed. Ibid. 2:931-39; Ray Huang, "Lung-ch'ing and Wan-li Reigns,
1576-1620," p. 571.
- Yi Hyongsok said that Third State Councilor Yi Won'ik was the only Westerner
who refused to take sides. Yi Hyongsok, lmjin chal/ansa 2:992-98. Yi Won'ik's biogra-
phy in KSDSJ 2:1191-92 does not give his factional affiliation, but notes that early in
his life he was something of a loner who had few friends, but Yu Songnyong (South-
erner) recognized his capacity and recommended him for office. Later he served under
Yulgok (esteemed by the Westerners after his death) in Hwanghae Province, was
appointed chief state councilor under King Kwanghaegun (who was supported by the
