NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 I035
chin' gwan system. see T: T 59-I 62. The map facing I: 1 68 gives a good picture of the dis-
position of the various levels of garrisons throughout the country.
- PGSR 2 I: 17 a- 1 Sa; Yi Hyongsok, lmjin chOllansa 2:769.
- PGSR 2I: 17a-b; S/Jnjo sillok 49:24b (1594); Yu Songnyong's Chingbirok I: 14a,
Songgyun'gwan. Tong'a munhwa yon'guso ed., S6aejip. pu Chingbirok (Seoul: 1959),
p. 498. The account in Han 'guk kunjesa I :296-98, discusses Yu Songnyong's role in
criticizing the chesilllg pangnyak system at the time and gives the dates for the period
during which Yu's proposal was adopted by King Sonjo. The second volume ofthis study,
Han 'guk kunjesa: Kunse Chason hugip 'y/in (Seoul: Yukkun ponbu, 1977), pp. 3-ro, gives
a brief synopsis of the Imjin War, 1592-9S; 2:23-26, reviews Yu Songnyong's discus-
sion of the chesung pangnyak system and his proposal for restoration of the chin 'gwan
system. This source is hereinafter referred to as Han 'guk kunjesa, vol. 2. - PGSR 21: 19a-20b. For another discussion of Sung dynasty border defense tactics
see Yi Hyongs6k, Imjin e/zril/ansa 3: 1 253-54. - Han 'guk kunjesa 2:26-37; Ch'a Munsop, "Sog'ogun yon'gu." pp. 179-228. See
S6njo sujring sillok 28: 15a-b, Songjo 27. ro.ulsa (1594). Yu said that hc learncd about
the Chi·hsiao hsin-shu from the Korean official Yi T6khy6ng who was informed about
the text by the Chinese general, Ch'i Chin, the son of Ch'i Chi-kuang. Yu had it copied
by scribes and recommended it to the king on 1593-4.kyesa. See Chingbirok 3: IOb-1 la,
Songgyun'gwan ed. (1959), pp. 539-40, and eMan 1 ofCh'i Chi-kuang, Chi-hsiao hsin-
shu, Wan-yu wen-k'o series, ed. Wang Yiin-wu (Shanghai: Commercial Press, Chung-
hua min-kuo 27th year, 1939), pp. 21-29. - On March 28,1593 (2.26 lunar) an order allowed official and private slaves who
joined the army to be entered into the registers for yang'in (commoners). On July 12
(6.14 lunar) tests for skill were instituted for slaves in accordance with the regulations
for the Sam'uisa (Bureau of Doctors) chapkwa examination. and those who passed were
immediately treated as mng'in and attached to the Ingnimwi (Winged Forest Guard).
Slaves were also manumitted for presenting decapitated heads of Japancsc or making
grain contributions. Yi Hy6ngsok, lmjin ch611ansa 3: 1297. 1353. - Ibid. 1:799: 2:123S.
- Ibid. 2: I 159. I 163, 1665, 1668.
- The new sag '0 troops were organized into II-man squads (tae) headed by a squad
leader (Taech'ong). A banner or platoon (ki) was made up of 3 squads, 33 men under a
platoon leader (Kich'ong); 3 banners a company (eh () of 99 men under a company com-
mander (Ch'ogwan); 5 companies a battalion (sa) of 495 men under a battalion com-
mander (P'ach'ong). Yu Songny6ng, "Regulations for the Organization of Troop Units"
(P'yon'o samok) 15: 1 8a-b, attached to a directive to the Sunch'alsa of Kyonggi Province,
dated T 595.12.8. in S6ae mllnjip, p. 696; cited in Ch'a Munsop, "Sog'ogun yon'gu" [A
study of the Sog'o soldiers]. pp. 13, 17. This was the model for organization at the bat-
talion level and helclW. but the quotas were not strictly ohserved. Yu S(mgnyong. in dis-
cussing thc advantages of the sog'o system, said that battalions consisted of 360 men,
divided into 5 companies with 3 banner-platoons (ki) each. 3 squads (rae) of S men per
platoon, and 2 files (0) per platoon of 4 men each. The source is Siiae Inunjip 14:6a