1040 NOTES TO PART I I. INTRODUCTION- Kim Yongsop. "Choson hugi i:ii sudojak kisul: Iyangbop i:ii pogi:ip e taehayo," pp.
r8-37. See idem, "Chos()n hugi i:i sudojak kisul: Iyang kwa suri munje.'· (1971), pp. 78-79,
for evidence that magi,trates were required to report damage to crops for assessment of
tax reductions even though transplanting was used. - Kim Yongs()p. "Chos()n hugi i:ii sudojak kisul: Iyangb()p (:'Ii pogi:ip e taehayo," p.
35, n.82. - Kim Yongs6p, "ChosCln hugi lii sudojak kisul: To, maek imojak i:ii pogi:ip e tae-
hay()" [The technology of wet rice agriculture in late Choson: The spread of rice/barley
double cropping], in Choson hugi nong opsa yon' gu: Nongeh 'on kyongje, sahoe pyondong,
(1970), pp. 40 -71. - Yi Sangbaek, Han'guksa: Kilnse eMn'gip'yon, pp. 476-78.
- I reach this conclusion despite the recent argument by Ch'oe Yun'o in his "Sipp'al-
shipku segi nong'op koyong nodong i:ii chOn'gae wa paltal" [The expansion and devel-
opment of agricultural hired labor in the eighteenth and nineteenth ccnturics] Han 'guksa
yon 'gu 77 (June [992):57-88. who asserts the creation of a full-scale wage system and
commodification of labor in this period. Even though his focus is on agricultural rather
than industrial labor, his evidcnee is mostly qualitative and insufficient to prove the per-
centage of work performed by wage labor and the degree of increase over the fifteenth
century. - Kang Man'gil, "Sugong'op" [Handicrafts], in Kuksa p'yonch'an wiwonhoe, ed.,
Han 'guksa, vol. TO, Choson: Yangban kwallyo kukka iii sahoe kujo [Choson: The social
structure of the yangban-bureaucratic state] (Seoul: Taehan min'guk Mungyobu, Kuksa
p'yonch'an wiwonhoe, 1974), pp. 375-82. - Sung Jae Koh [Ko Slingjej, "Myon'op" [Cotton textiles]), in Kuksa p'yonch'an
wiwonhoe, ed., Han'guksa, TO:325-35. - Yi Sangbaek, Han 'gllksa: Kilnse ehcin 'gip 'yljn [History of Korea: Early Modem
Period] (Seoul: Oryu ll1unhwasa, I962), pp. 476-78. - Yu Wondong, "Sang'op," in Kuksa p'yonch'an wiwonhoe, ed., Hall 'guksa
10:287-305: Yi Sangbaek. Hall 'guksa: Kilnse ehOn'gip'yllll, pp. 482-83. - Yu Wondong. "Sang't'Sp," in Kuksa p'yonch'an wiwonhoe, cd., Han 'guksa
TO:294-95·
PART II. Introduction
I. See James B. Palais, "Confucianism and the AristocraticlBureaucratic Balance in
Korea," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 44, no. 2 (December 1984):427-68; Robert
P. Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen, The Elite ofFu-chou, Chiang-hsi in Northern and
Southern Sling (Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, I986): Peter K. Bol, "This Cul-
ture of Ours ": Intellectual Transitions in Tang and Sung China (Stanford, Calif.: Stan-
ford University Press. 1992).
- This statement conflicts with much contemporary research in South Korea, which
posits the disruption of the social structure and the weakening of the yangban in the eigh-
teenth and nineteenth centuries. This question will be raised later.