1062 NOTES TO CHAPTER 6
and the reduction of slavery because of a practical idealism fostered by their exclusion
from the political system. See Chon, Choson hugi nobi sinbun yon 'gu, pp. 212-16, 234,
238 -39,275.
- Chon Hyongt'aek, Choson hugi nobi sinbun yon 'gu, p. 177, table 37, shows the
quotas by status of troops in the Changyong oey6ng as recorded in 1798. The quotas are
subdivided into 6 districts (Suwon, Yong'in, Chinwi, Ansan, Sihling, and Kwach'on, of
which most were assigned to Suwon). The number of commoner troops was about 15,500
vs. 6,436 slave soldiers, or 30 percent of the total of 22,022, and the distribution was
about equal for all the districts. If all the sogo soldiers and the abyong were slaves, the
percentage may have been over 30 percent.
- Chon Hyongt'aek reported that during King Sukchong's reign all the commoners
were excluded from service or cloth tax payments in the sog'ogun, and by Kyongjong's
reign (1720S) all their soldiers were slaves. Chon, Chos6n hugi nobi sinbun yon'gu, p.
170 -71.
- That is, children who had not yet lost their milk teeth. For a discussion of this text,
see E. G. Pulleyblank, "The Origins and Nature of Chattel Slavery in China," Journal
of the Economic and Social History of the Orient I, pt. 2 (April 1958):199.
- PGSR 26:9a-lOa.
- In 176 B.C. Emperor Wen freed slaves, but no reason was noted. In 140 B.C. Emperor
Wu released from slavery the wives and children of the rebels of the Seven Feudatories
because "he took pity on them." In A.D. 39 an imperial decree manumitted all persons
in I-chou who had been made slaves since A.D. 34. PGSR 26:IO-IIa; Ch'u T'ung-tsu,
Han Social Structure (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972), p. 157.
- PGSR 26: lOa; cited in Wilbur, Slavery in the Former Han Dynasty, pp. 197-98,
312 - 1 3.
- The system of pardons is discussed in great detail in Hamaguchi Shigekuni, To
ocM no sennin seido [A study of the system of base people in the T'ang dynasty] (Kyoto:
T6y6shi kenkyukai, 1966); Niida Noboru, Shina mibumposhi. For regulations pertain-
ing to slaves in English translation, see The Tang Code, vol. I, transl. Wallace Johnson
(Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1979).
- Wilbur, Slavery in China, pp. 138-39.
- There is only brief mention ofYu's discussion of slavery in Ch'on Kwan'u's ear-
liest study of Yu's thought, "Pan 'gye Yu Hyongwon yon 'gu," part I, Y6ksa hakpo 2
(1952):69-70. The first extensive and scholarly treatment was the very important arti-
cle by Chong Kubok, "Pan'gye Yu Hyongwon i:ii sahoe kaehyok sasang" [Yu Hyongwon's
ideas for the reform of society], Y6ksa hakpo 15 (March, 1970):31-38. I wish to
acknowledge my debt to the last article in providing a useful introduction to Yu's ideas,
but for the sake of brevity I will cite it only on certain points of interpretation.
- PGSR 26:4a-b.
- Ibid. 26:4b. See also 2I:38b.
- PGSR 26Ab-5a.
- Ibid. 26Ab; 26:1b.
- Ibid. 26:lb, 4b.
- KSDSJ I: 1439-40.
