NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 1069
tal bureaus and also owed lahor service to the local magistrate. Further, the requirement
that female slaves pay tribute (pigong) only made the slaves poorer. He also advocated
joining slaves and commoners together and adjusting personal trihute according to wealth.
Ibid., citation of N{JIlgp '0 mundap, kyunminyok (on the equalization of service obliga-
tions of the people; full quote on p. 220, n. 103.
- Ibid., pp. 246-47.
- Chongjo siLLuk 32:37a-39a, Chongjo I 5.3.kyemyo (I 791); Chon, "Sipkusegich'o
naesinobi," p. 249; Hiraki, Chosdn hugi nobije yrin 'gu, pp. 192-94. - See ibid., p. 194, n. 8 for sources.
- A total of 66,067 male and female official slaves were abolished, including 36,974
naenobi of the various palaces, and 29,093 sinobi of the various capital bureaus. The
order did not include all official slaves, but the sijllsang and ibydk for the kaksa nobi
(slaves of the capital bureaus) was abolished and people from the capital were hired to
take their place. The liberated naesi nobi were enrolled for yallgYI)k commoner service
and some were assigned to the palaces in Hamhling and Y6nghLing to pay I wlIlg of cash
as sinyijk (personal service tax payments), and they were called kUllgsok ka.\o! (tempo-
rary dependents attached to the palaces); the kaso/ were equivalent to poill or support
taxpayers. Official slaves were still left in other places, especially slaves confiscated from
people who had heen guilty of criminal offenses as punishment. Chon Hy6ngt'aek, Chosrin
hUfii nobi sinbunyon'gu, pp. 241, 244, 247-66. - Her title was Chong sun wanghu, 1745-1805, of the Kyongju Kim clan. The daugh-
ter of Han Ku, she became YOngjo's second queen in 1759. She had no children of her
own and did not get along well with Crown Prince Sado. She and her father calumniated
the prince and contributed to his virtual execution. KSDSJ 2:1356-57. - The government in 1800 consisted of the leaders of the Noron, Yi Pyongmo, Chief
State Councilor Sim Hwanji, Councilor of the Left Yi SiSlI, Councilor of the Right So
Yongbo. Minister of Taxation Yi Sogu, and Sonhyech'ong tangsang Cho Chin'gwan and
Yun Haeng'im. Chon HYllllgt'aek, Chosi5n hugi nobi Sillhllll yi5n 'guo p. 239. - ILSN l~, Sunjo sinyu. [.38, sinyu.2-4 (I 80T) cited in Hiraki Makoto, Clwsi5n hugi
nobije von'gu, pp. T96-99; MHBG T62:34a-36a. - Hiraki Makoto, Chosi5n hugi nobije ydn 'gu, pp. 197-202; Chon Hyongt'aek, "Ship-
kllsegich'o naesinobi," pp. 241 -60; Chon Hyongt'aek. Choson hugi nobi sinbun yiJn 'gu,
PP·243-46. - Chon Hyongt'aek, "Shipkusegich'o naesinobi," pp. 248-50. Chon Hyongt'aek
has concluded that the debate over the abolition of official slaves was divided primar-
ily, but not exclusively, along factional lines. Although some members of all hereditary
bureaucratic factions were found on both sides of the fence, most of the advocates of
abolition were from the Patriarch's faction descended from Song Siyo1. They were more
concerned with practical problems of state finance than the Southerner and sip'(I fac-
tions, who were the leading proponents of status discrimination. The sip (/ were those
who had defended Ch6ngjo's father, Crown Prince Sado (the Saclo seja), when he was
murdered hy his own father. King Yongjo, q62. (They were opposed hy the pyi5kp'a
who defended Y6ngjo's action.) For a discussion of the Sado seja's murder, see JaHyun