ROYAL DIVISION MODEL 431and his rule excluding the use of the land tax for overall support of the military
was nothing but the product of a rigid commitment to what he viewed as an invi-
olable classical norm and artificially compartmentalized thinking on financial
questions.
Furthermore, he was not entirely consistent in respecting his normative cat-
egories, for he also stipulated that in unusual circumstances, if revenues from
the military expense lands were insufficient to pay the costs of banquets, they
could be defrayed by the use of funds in the ever-normal relief and loan gra-
naries, or interest charges (mogok) on state-sponsored grain loans (hwanja) until
the time that the grain loan system was abolished. The latter point was later used
by his intellectual heir, K won ChOk, as a means of financing a different kind of
scheme to finance military service in 1750 (see chap. 12).
To the objection that holding costly banquets to reward winners of skill exam-
inations was an extravagance, Yu replied that large expenditures were not a prob-
lem as long as "in all cases there is a source from which [expenditures] will
come. and in each case it can be paid for."IOO It may have been truc that Yu bud-
geted every item of expenditure by identifying a source of funds. but he was
certainly willing to usc a variety offorrns of revenue for military expenses. There
was thus no logical reason why he should have insisted on the inviolability of
the rule that land tax revenues should not be used to support the military. Why
could he have not showed the same flexibility that Kim Yuk did when he vio-
lated the customary rule that tribute taxes had to be treated separately from all
other taxes and replace them by a surtax on land, or the agricultural product
from land?
HEREDITARY FEATURES IN Yu's MILITARY SERVICE SYSTEMThe Replacement o/,DlIty SoldiersYu's preference for the contemporary Korean rotating service and support tax-
payer system over the classical militia ideal was not the only example of his
departure from classical fundamentalism. His specific regulations for the
replacement of runaway or deceased soldiers were influenced by Korean tradi-
tion as well. "If [a soldier] dies or runs away, the next person who receives his
land will take his place. Or you might choose one man from among the support
[taxpayer] personnel and make him the main householder, and make the one
who receives the land grant in the [deceased] man's place a support person."IOI
This provision had nothing to do with any well-field militia system that would
have allowed any commoner to replace another. Instead, it was close to the early
Koryo chonsikwa model that allowed for inheritance of supposedly returnable
land grants by relatives, suggesting a system of inherited occupations and mil-
itary service rather than a true militia. In one footnote describing the way the
land grant of a deceased or runaway soldier was to be "returned" to the gov-
ernment, Yu stated that