- Simona Rafanelli –
37 De Grummond 2011: 77 ss., 85–86.
38 Recently, Bonghi Jovino 2005: 73 ff.; see also Bonghi Jovino 1987: 59 ff.; Tarchna I.
39 Milletti et al. 2011 forthcoming.
40 Rafanelli 2004, III.D.2.b; III.G.2.296; Comella 2005: 166–168, 170, IV.C.29; Colonna
1993: 321–347; Steingräber 1997: 104 Fig. 3.
41 v. Steingräber 1982; Steingräber 2009: 123 ff.; Colonna 1986: 371–530; Colonna, G./
Colonna-Di Paolo, E. 1978 (Norchia); Maggiani 1978: 15 ff. (Sovana); Prayon 1975; Prayon
1985: 441 ff.; Zamarchi Grassi 1998: 19 ff. (Cortona).
42 Rafanelli 1997, 33–35; Rafanelli 2010 forthcoming; Steingräber and Prayon: 91–95; cf. the
so-called “ad ara” monuments of Roman date: Colonna-Di Paolo 1984: 523–526.
43 Cf. Prayon 1985: 447–449. Some details allow us to clarify the nature of these extremely
unusual monuments, which may be resolved in the function of the tomb and the funerary altar:
we are dealing with steps, terraces, and built-in features on the top, presumably intended to
house urns and funerary vases and for the sacrifi cial practice of libation (Colonna Di Paolo, E.
1984: 513–526). As well, the lack of remains of bones on the surface also seems to confi rm a
cultic practice directed toward employing the blood of the victim. Such an interpretation can
be supported by the scene on the Gobbi krater (Donati 2004, II.16), where the patera (bowl)
held by the female fi gure in the principal frieze alludes to the bloodless libation, while the
sprinkling of blood is implied in the presence of the animal victim in the minor frieze who is
being led in the direction of the stepped altar.
44 See Winter 2009: 451–452, 6.D.1.c., Ill. 6.14; Rafanelli 2010 forthcoming.
45 Bailo Modesti et al. 2005: 37 ff.; Von Eles 2005: 29 ff.
46 Comella-Mele 2005, Rendini, 2009.
47 Turfa 2006, with previous bibliography; Nagy 2011, with previous bibliography.
48 Edlund-Berry 2011, v. supra note 7.
49 Bonghi Jovino, Chiesa 2005.
50 Most recently, see Sorrentino 2005; cf. also Cardini, L. (1970) 616 ff.; Caloi, L./Palombo, M.
R. (1988–1989), 131 ff.
51 Bonghi Jovino 2005, Chiesa 2005, Bagnasco Gianni 2005.
52 Warden 2009, 2011.
53 De Grummond 2011.
54 Stopponi 2009; 2011.
55 Bailo Modesti et al. 2005.
56 Von Eles 2005.
57 Donati 2004, III.B.
58 Bonamici 2005.
59 Bruni 2005.
60 Bonghi Jovino 2005: 82–83.
61 In the extreme diffi culty of attributing a precise typology of altar to a specifi c divinity, it is
possible to note a repeated association of the altar “with antae” with the goddess Menerva, as
seems to be shown in the examples offered in the Etrusco-Latial region, by the sanctuaries of
S. Marinella-Punta della Vipera, Veio-Portonaccio, Lavinium-Thirteen Altars, and Roma-S.
Omobono.
62 Bagnasco Gianni 2005: 92 ff.
63 Von Eles 2005: 33 ff.
64 Sorrentino 2005: 129–130.
65 See the Etrusco-Corinthian krater by the Painter of the Knotted Tails, the Certosa situla, the
Chiusine sarcophagus in the Louvre, and the Volterran urn Museo Guarnacci 493 (Donati
2004, II.16; III.B.1, 50, 52, 55). See also the Caeretan architectural plaque in Winter 2009:
451–452, 6.D.1.c., Ill. 6.14; Rafanelli 2010 forthcoming. Among the oldest representations
of the sacrifi ce of an ox, cf. the reproduction of the man with the animals in the plastic