- Françoise Gaultier –
Figure 50.10 A grappolo/horseshoe earring, gold sheet. Perhaps from Orvieto. Mid-fourth century bc.
Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum MS 310, image no. 234213.NOTES1 On the place of Etruscan jewelry in the fashion of archaeological-style jewelry, cf. Weber
Soros, Walker 2004; Pirzio Biroli Stefanelli 2005.
2 These spirals can be terminated in wavy loops at each extremity: cf. for example, Cristofani,
Martelli 1983, p. 29, Fig. 2.4 and p. 33, note 39 (M. Martelli).
3 On the type of these disc-pendants, their origin, diffusion, decoration: Cristofani, Martelli
1983, p. 30, 36, no. 4, 5, 7, 90, 91; Botto 1996 (bibl.); Sannibale 2004, p. 74–75 (bibl.);
Cygielman 2007, p. 35 (bibl.).
4 A fi bula with swollen bow in gold was found beneath the skull of the deceased woman of
tomb AA 12 A in the Quattro Fontanili necropolis at Veii and has kept clearly under the neck
the head-covering in perishable material, of which only the tiny bronze buttons are preserved
on the forehead: cf. Cristofani, Martelli 1983, p. 28 (M. Martelli).
5 Cf. Martelli, Cristofani 1983, p. 26, 32, note 2 for some examples from the Quattro Fontanili
necropolis at Veii.
6 Cf. for example Cristofani, Martelli 1983, no. 1 p. 250.
7 Cf. for example Cristofani, Martelli 1983, p. 29 Fig. 3.3 (M. Martelli), p. 251 nos. 6–7 (M.
A. Rizzo).
8 Cf. for example Cristofani, Martelli 1983, p. 27 Fig. 2.5, p. 30–31, p. 34 note 56 (M.
Martelli); Cygielman 2007, p. 34 and Fig. 4.
9 Sannibale 2008.
10 On the beginnings of fi ligree and granulation and the role of immigrant artisans: cf.
Cristofani, Martelli 1983, p. 36; on the role of Near Eastern artisans in the introduction of
these techniques, see most recently: Sannibale 2008, p. 346.
11 Like the hunt-scene that decorates a pendant-seal of Near Eastern inspiration discovered at
Vulci and preserved in the museum of Munich, its very fi ne granulation is considered to be a
southern predecessor of the pulviscolo of Vetulonia: cf. Cristofani, Martelli 1983, p. 279 n° 94
(M. Martelli).