technological revolution, 290 – 1 ; Third Dynasty
of Ur (Ur III), 34 , 300 – 2 ; writing systems,
291 – 2 ; see alsowriting/writing systems
sea levels, 18 , 19
Seal Impression Strata, 329 , 452
seals, 119 ; in Akkadian period, 333 – 6 ; cylinder see
cylinder seals; in Early Dynastic period, 329 – 33 ;
engraving, 321 ; imagery and function, 321 ,
324 – 38 , 361 ; materials used, 321 ; north
Mesopotamia, third millennium, 468 ; as
objects, 321 – 3 ; ophidian snakes, impressions,
241 ; as personal signature, 320 – 1 ; royalty,
images of, 207 , 209 , 216 , 217 ; stamp, 321 , 323 ,
330 , 626 ; style, 323 , 327 – 8 , 329 , 330 , 331 , 361 ,
468 ; in Sumerian World, 319 – 41 ; in Ur III
period, 337 – 8 ; in Uruk and Jemdet Nasr/Proto-
Elamite periods, 324 – 9 ; uses of, 319 , 320 – 1
second millennium BC, 156 – 7 , 172 ;
(reorganization of Central Plains, 147 , See
below settlement pattern)
sedimentation, 13 , 16 , 57 , 58
seeder plough, 64
self-deification, 201 , 220 , 222 n
settlement patterns (Sumer and Akkad), 131 – 52 ;
city-states, age of (c. 2600 – 2100 BC), 141 – 3 ;
countryside, abandonment (c. 3000 – 2600 BC),
139 – 41 ; Early Dynastic period, 150 , 161 – 9 ;
evolution of settlement (c. 3100 – 1500 BC),
136 – 47 ; expansion of urbanism (c. 3000 – 2600
BC), 139 – 41 ; general trends, 148 – 52 ; initial
political unification (c. 2600 – 2100 BC), 141 – 3 ;
landscape and environment, 132 ; late
third/early second millennium settlement, 144 ;
mid-third millennium settlement, 142 ;
reorganization of Central Plains in later second
millennium, 147 , 148 ; research, history of, 136 ;
survey issues and methods, 132 – 6 ; textual
evidence, 135 , 143 , 147 ; third millennium BC,
156 ; urban origins (c. 4000 – 3100 BC), 137 – 9 ;
Ur III period, 150 , 151
sexagesimal (base 60 ) counting system, 305 , 306 ,
316 n
Shakkanakku rule, Mari kingdom: and Amorite
city, 528 – 9 ; palaces, 531 – 2 ; reconstruction of
Mari, 530 ; transformation of religious sector,
530 – 1
Sharafabad, 324
Sharkalisharri, 218 , 284
Sharlach, T., 305 – 18
Shatt al-Arab valley, 13 , 14 , 15 , 69
Shatt al-Gharraf area, 25 , 42
Shatt al-Khar canal, 23 , 45
sheep herds flocks?, 397 , 398
Sheikh Hassan, 324 , 450 , 581
Sherratt, A., 396 – 7
Shimashki, 572 – 3 , 574 , 575
Shulgi (Ur III king), 55 , 56 , 123 , 218 , 301 , 372 , 425 ,
593
Shurrupak, 140 , 141 , 142 , 368
Shu-Sin (king), 315
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, 135
signs, 98 – 9 ; first list, 295 – 7 , 299
“Silver Mountains,” 502
Simat-Erra (canal), 46
Sin Temple, Khafajah city, 162 – 3 , 185 , 187 , 188 ,
362 , 364
Sippar (city), 58
site morphology and architecture, 466 – 7
site visibility, 20 – 2
Sjoberg, A., 316 n
skirt, men’s, 382 , 383
SKL (Sumerian King list) seeSumerian King list
(SKL)
Small Temple, Khafajah city, 162 – 3 , 185 , 187 , 188
Smith, H.S., 621
Smithian Growth, 86 – 8
social systems (ancient), physical remains, 156 – 74
soil zones, 35 – 6
Song of Songs, 240
sources seeevidence; information sources
southern Mesopotamia: hydraulic landscapes and
irrigation systems, 33 – 51 ; Magan–Marhasi
relations, 609 – 10 ; map, 133 ; Smithian Growth,
86 – 8 ; third millennium homes, 158 ; trade, 448 ,
449 – 50 , 459 ; urbanization of, 57 , 169 ; water,
functions of, 33 – 4
spatial design: and building order, 194 ; cities as
“default” spatial configurations, 68 ;
development, 189 ; Eanna Precinct, Uruk, 184 ;
189 ; spatial order principles, 188 ; Uruk city,
180 – 5 ; Uruk period ( 4000 – 3200 BC), 72 – 5
spindle whorls, 397 , 404
spinning, 404 – 5 , 407 – 8 , 410
SPOT imagery, survey evidence, 135
stamp seals, 321 , 323 , 330 , 626
Standard of Ur, 212 , 236 , 237 , 383 , 384 , 385 , 392
Standard Professions List, 295 , 296 , 297 , 299
Starzmann, M., 431 n
State Archives, 35 , 538 , 543 , 544
statues, evidence of fashion styles from, 379
Stein, G., 85 , 89 n, 563
Steinert, U., 431 n–– Index ––