116 Smith 2003 , pp. 45 – 54.
117 A related case is KUR (ma ̄tu), most often referring to foreign lands, but by implication also
their peoples.
118 See especially Westbrook 1999 , pp. 101 – 6 , for a concise exposition of this problem, and
Smith 2003 , Ch. 1 , passim, and pp. 77 , 100 – 9 , on state pretensions to geographic universalism;
cf. Morris 1991 , pp. 25 – 58 , who takes up the ambiguous, multivalent meanings lying behind
the Greek term polis.
119 RIME 3 / 11. 1. 7 .Cyl. A xii 21 – 27 and xiii 3 – 5 (here and elsewhere (e.g., Cyl. A xix 1 , Cyl.
B iv 13 – 14 ), the “land of Lagasˇ” is distinguished from the city of Lagasˇ; the term would
survive into the Old Babylonian period, see above, n. 69 ); state segments: xiv 7 – 27.
120 State segments: RIME 3 / 11. 1. 7 .Cyl. A xiv 7 – 27 ; these social units are then paralleled by
geographic constituencies in the songs of Cylinder B (xi 15 –xii 23 ), in which the composite
state is constituted by units of fields, marshes, steppes, and cities; cf. RIMB 2. 4. 9
(Nebuchadnezzar I) ll. 3 – 4.
121 See my short study on Pı ̄-na ̄ra ̄tim, “Brush Wars and Bull Wages” (forthcoming).
122 Michalowski 1993 , the “Gutian letters,” nos. 22 and 51.
123 ETCSL letters 3. 1. 07 .,. 08 ,. 11 , and, famously,. 17 – 18.
124 See Richardson 2005.
125 See, e.g., RIMB 26. 1.
126 Frayne 1983 , pp. 739 – 48.
BIBLIOGRAPHYAdams, R. Mc. 1981 Heartland of Cities, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
–––– and H. Nissen 1972 The Uruk Countryside, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Algaze, G. 2001 “The Prehistory of Imperialism,” Uruk Mesopotamia and its Neighbors, Santa Fe,
NM: School of American Research: 27 – 83.
Bailkey, N. 1967 “Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development,” American Historical Review,
72 ( 4 ): 1211 – 36.
Brinkman, J.A. 1968 A Political History of post-Kassite Babylonia, Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institut.
Bufon, M. 1998 “Borders and Border Landscapes: A Theoretical Assessment,” in M. Koter and
K. Heffner (eds) Borderlands or Transborder Regions, Opole/Lódz: 7 – 14.
Butzer, K. 1995 “Environmental Change in the Near East and Human Impact on the Land,” in
J. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. I, New York: Scribner’s: 123 – 5.
Cameron, G. 1973 “Persian Satrapies and Related Matters,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 32 : 47 – 5.
Charpin, D.D, O. Edzard, and M. Stol 2004 Mesopotamien: Die altbabylonische Zeit, Freiburg:
Universitätsverlag Freiburg.
Cole, S.W. 1996 Nippur in Late Assyrian Times(=SAASIV), Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus
Project.
Cooper, J. 1986 Presargonic Inscriptions, New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
de Polignac, F. 1995 Cults, Territory and the Origins of the Greek City-State, Chicago, IL: University
of Chicago Press.
Dietrich, M. and O. Loretz 1998 Studien zur Altorientalistik(FSRömer), Munster: Ugarit-Verlag.
Edens, C. 1994 “On the Complexity of Complex Societies,” in G. Stein and M. Rothman (eds)
Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East, Madison, WI: Prehistory Press: 209 – 24.
Edzard, D.O. 1997 Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early, Babylonian, and Assyrian Periods, Vol.
3 / 2 , Toronto: University of Toronto.
–––– and G. Farber (eds) 1974 Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes, Vol. 2 , Wiesbaden:
Reichert Verlag.
Eyre, C. 1995 “The Agricultural Cycle, Farming, and Water Management in the Ancient Near
East,” in J. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. I, New York: Scribner’s:
175 – 90.
— Seth Richardson —