the west – and in the expansion of Alba (united Dál Riata and Pictland) to the east
(Etchingham 2001 ; Woolf 2004 ).
Moving backwards in time, Scotland’s c. 34 Viking Age silver hoards and c. 130
‘pagan’ graves (defined as Viking Age burials with grave goods) are also charac-
teristically Scandinavian (Graham-Campbell 1995 ; Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998 :
113 – 54 ; Owen and Dalland 1999 ; Paterson 2001 ; see Figure 30. 3 ). The hoards were
deposited between the 930 s and 1060 s, superseding the graves which are all datable to a
window between c. 850 and c. 950. The hoards contain possible ‘colonial’ elements such
as ring money – plain penannular rings which probably have their origin in the migrant
Scandinavian communities of Scotland (Warner 1976 ; Graham-Campbell 1995 ) – but
Figure 30. 2 Structure 5 at Quoygrew, Orkney, looking west. Most of the artefacts from this stone and
turf longhouse of eleventh- to twelfth-century date were probably Norwegian imports. The edge-set
stones along the north wall demarcate a partially dismantled side aisle or bench, a completely removed
example of which also lined the south wall. The house underlies a later thirteenth-century building
retained in situ for public display.
–– James H. Barrett––