824 Index
Belgium (cont.)
tions in, 644; republicanism in, 667; Sec-
ond Estate of, 266; Third Estate of, 257,
- See also Belgium, revolution in; Joyous
Entry
Belgium, revolution in, 262–64, 267, 268 pas-
sim, 275, 278, 25, 425–26n1; conservative
nature of, 261n35; influence of the Ameri-
can Articles of Confederation on the per-
petuation of oligarchy in Belgium, 199; and
independence of the Belgian estates under
the liberalism of Leopold II, 259; and the
issue of social change versus constitutional
liberty, 261; outside factors leading to revo-
lution, 294, 296; and the power of the gilds,
258; role of Belgian democrats in, 265,
266n47, 268, 269, 279; role of Joseph II’s
attempts at constitutional change in, 260;
role of Joseph II’s enlightened despotism
in, 288
Benda, Kalman, 499
Bentham, Jeremy, 189, 415, 717
Berlin, 7
Bern, 96, 615, 669, 670; aristocratic nature of,
28, 29n10; French seizure of its “treasure,”
614; patricians of, 53
Bernadotte, Jean- Baptiste, 654, 733, 785, 786
Bernard, Francis, 114, 122, 132, 304
Berthier, Louis- Alexandre, 612, 549, 650
Bertie, Willoughby, 136
Besançon, law student riot in, 63
bicameralism, confusion concerning, 368–
69n22
Binns, John, emigration of to America, 719
Blackstone, William, 48–49, 108, 176, 259.
314, 715; conservatism of, 36; on constitu-
tional liberties, 35, 43–53; on Parliament,
106
Blake, William, 717–18
Bland, Richard, 120
Blauw, Jakob, 513, 518, 520, 521, 548, 575
Blazek, Michal, 492
Boers, the, and the Republic of Graaf Reinet,
528
Bohemia, 22, 23, 25, 28, 53, 54, 6, 79, 391, 488;
attempts by peasants in to attend the diet,
292; constitutional issues in, 290; diet of,
494; end of the central diet in, 280; First
Estate of, 26; German towns of, 287;
princely families of, 28; rebellion in (1775),
491; vulgar nature of peasants in, 297
Bolgeni, Vincenzo, 640, 651
Bologna, 540, 583, 591; land ownership in,
606; occupation of by the French, 597–99;
proposed constitution of, 598, 598n17
Bonald, Louis de, 560n37
Bonaparte, Joseph, 540
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 17, 160, 283. 425, 429,
458, 47, 501, 5–4, 673, 674, 683, 776; an-
nexation of Holland by, 511; and the Armée
d ’Angleterre, 740; armistice of with Sar-
dinia, 574; Continental System of, 507; de-
feat of the Austrians (1797), 564; crossing
of St. Bernard Pass, 792; demand for Ven-
ice’s immediate “democratization,” 429; and
the formation of the Cisalpine Republic,
568, 589, 591, 619, 655; intention of to set
up a republic in the Po valley, 597; invasion
of Egypt, 426, 615, 622, 624, 654, 780, 785;
the Left’s view of, 471; and the papacy, 608;
plans for control of the upper Rhone valley,
645; promotion to the rank of general, 458;
retreat of from Acre, 782; and the revolu-
tionary ferment in North Italy, 644; the
Right’s view of, 603; as the savior of society
against anarchy, 612; victories of in North
Italy, 592; victory of at Marengo, 683
Bonnet, Charles, 84
Boston, 18, 128, 121, 166, 169; evacuation of
British troops from, 151; resistance of to
British taxes, 115, 121, 122, 127–28, 131,
132
Boston Port Act (1774), 131
Boswell, James, 233
Botta, Carlo, 584, 595
Bourbon monarchy, 66; criticism of, 68
bourgeoisie, the, 62, 63, 104, 287, 405, 407,
439; acceptance of class structure and the
nobility by, 61–63; administrative ineffi-
ciency in, 58; “bourgeois equality,” 462;
“bourgeois” revolution, 278; commercial
bourgeoisie in Nantes and Saint- Malo,
344; identification of the bourgeoisie with
the aristocracy in France, 62; as leaders of
France’s Third Estate, 351
Bourrit, Marc- Thédore, 271
Bowles, John, 730, 732
Brabant, Estates of, 261, 263, 265; broadening