402 PARTIA
Rising, made a point of emphasizing its anti-patriotic stand. In a letter circu-
lated to socialist leaders abroad, its organizers stated that 'the old motto - Vive
La Pologne — has now disappeared completely from the class struggle between
labour and capital'. This won them a rebuke from Marx and Engels.
Waryriski's admirers often take him to be Poland's first Marxist, thereby
implying that he had a firmer grasp of Marxism than Marx himself. At all
events, he was a remarkable organizer, and one of the movement's most vener-
ated martyrs. Born in the Ukraine, he operated in all three Partitions, and also
abroad. In 1880, he figured as the principal defendant in the Cracow Trial of
thirty-five socialists, but was absolved from all charges. Two years later in
Warsaw, he founded the First Proletariat, a group which saw itself as the avant-
garde of an imminent revolution. His establishment of a fighting fund among
industrial workers enabled the group to survive for some four years, and in April
1884, at the textile town of Zyrardow, to sustain a successful strike for
improved wages and conditions. Captured by the Tsarist police in the resultant
wave of preventive arrests, he was put on trial in Warsaw in November 1885 on
a charge of 'conspiring at the violent extirpation of the present, political, eco-
nomic, and social order.' Four associates - Kunicki, Bardowski, Ossowski,
Pietrusinski - were condemned to death, and were hanged before the Alexander
Citadel. Warynski himself, together with Ludwik Janowicz (1858-1902.), was
imprisoned in the Schlusselberg, where he died.^4
In the 1890s, Polish socialism matured to the point where mass parties could
be formed with a real prospect of permanent existence. The largest group, the
Polish Socialist Party (PPS) as founded in Paris in 1892, under the chairmanship
of Limanowski. Its manifesto proclaimed the twin goals of proletarian dictator-
ship and national independence, to be achieved by non-violent methods. Its
journal, Robotnik (The Worker), first edited by Jozef Pilsudski, was printed at
Beaumont Square on the Mile End Road in London for later clandestine ship-
ment to Russia. Parallel, though entirely separate organizations were created in
the shape of Ignacy Daszynski's Polish Social-Democratic Party (PPSD) in
Galicia, and the diminutive 'PPS of the Prussian Partition' in Kattowitz.
At the same time, but in direct opposition to the main-line socialist forma-
tions, a rival movement was created by a group of anti-patriotic militants who
had been expelled from the All-Polish Delegation to the International Socialist
Congress in Zurich in August 1893. Their 'Social Democracy of the Kingdom of
Poland' (SDKP) was launched by Julian Marchlewski (1866-1925), and the bril-
liant young Roza Luksemburg (1870-1919). It was mirrored in Wilno by Feliks
Dzierzynski's 'Social Democracy of Lithuania' (SDL). In 1900 the two organi-
zations were joined together as the 'Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland
and Lithuania' (SDKPiL). In this way, the fundamental and bitter schism
between the patriotic socialists or 'social patriots' and the anti-patriotic 'social
democrats' assumed lasting, institutional form.
It is interesting to note that the Jewish socialist movement in Poland displayed
similar tendencies. The internationalist Bund (Jewish Workers' League),