Threat (motivation)
EXTERNALVARIABLESDemographicvariablesAge, sex,occupation,
socio-economic status,
religion, educationPersonality traits
ExtraversionAgreeableness
Conscientiousness
NeuroticismOpenness
Other psychological
factors
Peer pressureSelf-efficiency
Response effectiveness
Behaviour
Cues to action
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Costs
Health motivation
Benefits
FIGURE 7.1
The health belief model (HBM).