Invitation to Psychology

Chapter 1 What Is Psychology? 39

observational studies 20
naturalistic observation 20
laboratory observation 20
psychological tests 20
standardization 21
norms 21
reliability 21
validity 21
surveys 22
volunteer bias 22
correlational study 23

correlation 23

variable 23

positive correlation 23

negative correlation 24

coefficient of correlation 24

experiment 26

informed consent 26

independent variable 27

dependent variable 27

control condition 28

experimental group 28

control group 28

random assignment 28

placebo 28

single-blind study 29

experimenter

effects 29

double-blind study 29

field research 30

descriptive statistics 31

arithmetic mean 31

standard deviation 32

inferential statistics 32

significance tests 32

statistically significant 32

p value 32

confidence interval 32

cross-sectional study 33

longitudinal study 33

effect size 34

meta-analysis 34

relative risk 35

absolute risk 35