39 .Mu ̈nster, “Asia wie es jetziger zeit nach den furnemsten Herrschaften
beschriben ist” (Basel, 1550 ). The map was reproduced several times later as well.
40. For a study of the cosmography, see McLean,Cosmographia of Sebastian
Mu ̈nster.
41. Raz-Krakotzkin,The Censor, 23. On Christian Hebraism, see the classic
Rosenthal, “The Rise of Christian Hebraism.” For a more recent study, see Coudert
and Shoulson,Hebraica Veritas?
42. McLean,Cosmographia of Sebastian Mu ̈nster, 21.
43. Cosgrove,Apollo’s Eye, 114.
44. Short,Making Space, 36.
45. Ibid., 54.
46. Trakulhun, “Widening of the World,” 394.
47. Short,Making Space, 54.
48. Davidson,The Idea of North.
49. Cited in Gow,The Red Jews, 172. Hondius’s maps of Asia, with all the un-
certainties he ascribed to the north, did not include Arzareth.
50. Anderson,Alexander’s Gate, 101 – 104. This raises the question, for which I do
not have a clear answer, of why the ten tribes do not appear in Mercator’s chart, and Gog
and Magog do not appear in Ortelius’sTheater. It is perhaps telling that the two legends
do not appear on the same map.
51. King,The Black Sea, 26 – 29 , 44 – 46.
52. Ibid., 34 – 35.
53. Ibid., 26.
54 .For the fabulous qualities of the north, see Davidson,The Idea of North, 33 – 34 ,
50 – 67.
55. Johnson, “The Scythian,” 250.
56. King,The Black Sea, 34 – 36.
57. Demaitre and Demaitre, “The Five Avatars,” 315 – 316.
58. Gow,The Red Jews, 141 – 157.
59. Bouwsma,John Calvin, 12. See also McLean,Cosmographia of Sebastian
Mu ̈nster, 32 – 34. On Calvin’s Basel years, see also 12 – 22.
60. Cited in Boer,John Calvin, 190 – 191.
61. Short,Making Space, 56.
62. For a comparison of Mu ̈nster and Ortelius and their works, see ibid., 76 – 79.
63. Cosgrove,Apollo’s Eye, 130.
64. Some of the stories have nothing to do with the ten tribes. I am here limiting
myself only to those that are related to them.
65. On the Hephthalites in northern India, see Biswas,Political History. A huge
collection of Chinese sources on them is in Yu,Yanda Shi Yanjiu. For Byzantine sources,
see de Saint-Martin,Les Huns Blancs.
66. It seems that this variation was quite common although I admit that I did not
findasixteenth-century source. Gibbon, for instance, refers to them in the eighteenth
century as “Nephthalites.” Gibbon,Decline and Fall, 203. It may well be that Ortelius
was the first to coin the term “Nephthalites.” Godbey, ever hostile to “Jewish lies” and to
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