Al-Tikriti|107most detailed English survey available of Ottoman şeyhülislam officeholders and
their contributions.
Al-Tikriti, Nabil. “Kalam in the Service of State: Apostasy Rulings and the Defining
of Ottoman Communal Identity.” In Legitimizing the Order: Ottoman Rhetoric
of State Power, edited by Hakan T. Karateke and Maurus Reinkowski, 131–149.
Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2005. This chapter describes how court-affiliated ulema
defined apostasy in a way to support imperial interests.
Notes
. During these years the region endured the fall of the Shirvānshāh (1500), Aqqoyunlu
(1503), and Dūlkadir (1515) dynasties to the Safavid whirlwind; the Safavid defeat of the Uz-
beks under Muhammad Shaybānī Khān (1510); the eruption of the massive and millenarian
Şahkulu rebellion throughout Anatolia (1511); the fratricidal struggle to succeed Bayezid II
(1511–1513); a watershed Ottoman-Safavid war (1514); and the Ottoman conquest of the Mam-
luks (1516–1517).
. Firdevsī-i Rumi, ۗuܒb-nāme, 14a, 52b, 62b, 97a, 112a–b, 122b–123a, 127a, 129b.
. Mahmud bin ɇUbaydullāh, “Shāh-nāmah az guftār-i malik-i ummī,” 12b, 28b, 68b, 73a.
. Ibn-i Kemāl, Rujūɇ al-shaykh ilā sibāh fī al-quwwa ҕ ɇalā al-bāh.
. Ibn-i Kemāl, “Risāla fī takfīr al-rawāfid.” Three copies of this treatise are held by Istan-ҕ
bul’s Süleymaniye Library, none of which can be dated with precision. For a discussion of the
politics of this treatise and a transcription of its Arabic text, see Tekindağ, “Yeni kaynak ve
vesikaların işiği altında Yavuz Sultan SelimɆin İran seferi,” citing Süleymaniye Library manu-
scripts Aya Sofya 4794/6, Esad Efendi 3548/3, and Pertev Paşa 621/13.
. Ibn-i Kemāl, “Risāla fī takfīr al-rawāfid” (my translation).ҕ
. D a l k ı r a n , İbn-i Kemal ve düşünce tarihimiz, 182–184. For orলud’s view, see orলud,
“Daɇwat al-nafs al-৬āliতa ilā al-aɇmāl al-ৢāliতa,” 233b–235b.
. Öngören, “Osmanlı döneminde semā ve devran tartışmaları,” 123–132.
. Da l k ı ra n, İbn-i Kemal ve düşünce tarihimiz, 69–76.
. Ibid., 76–81.
. For a wide-ranging discussion of the early evolution of “Ottoman Sunnism,” see Ocak,
Osmanlı toplumunda Zındıklar ve Mülhidler.