Campos|319the Hebrew-language newspapers of David’s friend and colleague Eliezer Ben-
Yehuda, who himself had adopted Ottoman citizenship upon his arrival in Je-
rusalem in the 1880s. Confident that only by taking upon themselves Ottoman
citizenship in the legal sense would Jews be able to benefit from Ottoman citi-
zenship in the political sense, David became a vocal spokesman for this Jewish
Ottomanization campaign before World War I.
At the same time, while David had formally disavowed his participation
in the Zionist movement as precondition for his acceptance into the local CUP
branch, he nevertheless remained actively involved in the local Zionist scene.
David’s parliamentary and municipality campaigns were bankrolled by the
Jaffa-based Palestine Office of the World Zionist Organization. As an educa-
tor, David founded the Hebrew Teachers Association and took a leading role in
the “language wars” over the place of Hebrew in Jewish educational institutions.
Moreover, he proved to be a very useful “practical Zionist”—he held power of at-
torney for many foreign Zionists seeking to purchase land in Palestine, and his
name was registered in their place on the land deeds of numerous properties.
In 1913, David served as a delegate at the Eleventh Zionist Congress in Vienna, at
which practical Zionism was discussed extensively.
Although he never ran for public office, Shlomo, the Galatasaray graduate,
was even more enamored of the Ottoman revolution than his elder brother. No
doubt reflecting his unique educational experiences, Shlomo promoted an in-
tegrationist rather than separatist view of Jewish life in the empire. He was a
supporter of the Ligue Nationale des Juifs de l’Empire Ottoman, whose “prin-
cipal preoccupation [wa]s to maintain the liberties granted to the people on
the 24 of July”; the league promoted Turkish and Hebrew study and “strictly
recommend[ed] to its members to fraternize with all the co-citizens of the other
races and religions.”
But like his brother, Shlomo also saw his Ottomanist commitments as being
perfectly compatible with his Jewish and Zionist ones. For Shlomo, the new era
of imperial reform provided an opportunity for the Jewish community to push
for reform as well. As an attorney, he was often called on to assist Jewish organi-
zations and communities as they pressed for communal claims, which in many
cases fed into a larger atmosphere of communal rivalry over imperial rights. At
the same time, his other legal work with the JCA required that he engage in ques-
tionable practices such as outright bribery to help grease the wheels for Jewish
settlement in Palestine; for example, he gave gifts of an expensive Arabic type-
writer and several cases of wine from Jewish vineyards to the governor of Bei-
rut. At other times, his work demanded that he apply foreign consular pressure
on local officials, an unwelcome outcome of the Capitulations, which he decried
in his political and legal writings. Shlomo also intervened when Palestinian