Competition in Friendship 227
Deutsch, M. (1949). A theory of cooperation and competition. Human Relations, 2 , 129– 152.
Dweck, C. S., & Eliott, E. S. (1983). Achievement motivation. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of
child psycholog y (3rd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 643– 691). New York, NY: Wiley.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social- cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Psychological Review, 95 , 256– 273.
Ensor, R ., Hart, M., Jacobs, L., & Hughes, C. (2011). Gender differences in children’s problem
behaviours in competitive play with friends. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29 ,
176– 187. doi:10.1111/ j.2044- 835X.2010.02016.x
Fonzi, A., Schneider, B. H., Tani, F., & Tomada, G. (1997). Predicting children’s friendship sta-
tus from their dyadic interaction in structured situations. Child Development, 68 , 496– 506.
doi:10.1111/ 1467- 8624.ep9709050630
Gardiner, H. W., & Kosmitzki, C. (2010). Lives across cultures: Cross- cultural human development
(5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Griffin- Pierson, S. (1990). The competitiveness questionnaire: A measure of two components of
competitiveness. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 23 , 108– 115.
Harris, M. B., & Miller, K. C. (2000). Gender and perceptions of danger. Sex Roles, 43 , 843– 863.
doi:10.1023/ A:1011036905770
Harris- McDonald, K. (2009). Competition among women: Correlates and protective factors (Doctoral dis-
sertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (Order No. AAI3384562)
Helgeson, V. S. (1994). Relation of agency and communion to well- being: Evidence and potential
explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116 , 412– 428.
Hibbard, D. R ., & Buhrmester, D. (1998). The role of peers in the socialization of gender- related
social interaction styles. Sex Roles, 39 , 185– 202.
Hibbard, D. R ., & Buhrmester, D. (2010). Competitiveness, gender, and adjustment among adoles-
cents. Sex Roles, 63 , 412– 424. doi:10.1007/ s11199- 010- 9809- z
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York, NY: Norton.
Knight, G. P., & Chao, C. (1991). Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic social values among
8- to 12- year- old siblings, friends, and acquaintances. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
17 , 201– 211. doi:10.1177/ 014616729101700213
Kohn, A. (1992). No contest: The case against competition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Komolova, M., & Wainryb, C. (2011). “What I want and what you want”: Children’s think-
ing about competing personal preferences. Social Development, 20 , 334– 352. doi:10.1111/
j.1467- 9507.2010.00589.x
Lever, J. (1978). Sex differences in the complexity of children’s play and games. American Sociological
Review, 43 , 471– 483.
Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account. American Psychologist,
45 , 513– 520.
Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press.
Masters, J. C. (1971). Effects of social comparison upon children’s self- reinforcement and altruism
toward competitors and friends. Developmental Psychology, 5 , 64– 72. doi:10.1037/ h0031081
May, M., & Doob, L. (1937). Competition and cooperation. New York, NY: Social Science Research
Council.
McAdams, D. P. (1988). Personal needs and personal relationships. In S. Duck, D. F. Hay,
S. E. Hobfoll, W. Ickes, & B. M. Montgomery (Eds.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory,
research and interventions (pp. 7– 22). Oxford, UK: Wiley.
McGuire, J. E. (2014). Competition and emotional closeness in early adolescent friendships: The role of
domain importance and coping (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https:// escholarship.
org/ uc/ item/ 6vx9c01k
Newcomb, A. F., Brady, J. E., & Hartup, W. W. (1979). Friendship and incentive condition as
determinants of children’s task- oriented social behavior. Child Development, 50 , 878– 881.
doi:10.1111/ 1467- 8624.ep7251261