74 Scientific American, September 2018
“We”
before
“me”Morality
of right and
wrongSelf-
interest6 million
years before
present400,000
years before
present100,000
years before
presentCollaborative
foragingPressure
for cultural
organizationIllustration by Portia Sloan RollingsEvolution of Modern Human Morality
Animals often cooperate with others of their own species. But the way
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