popular science

emoji

implement. Before that, it was just this mess of glyphs—things
like hearts, arrows, and catfaces.

JENNIFER8. LEE,co-founder, Emojination, adiversity advo-
cacy group; vice chair, UnicodeConsortium emoji subcommittee:
The fact that they are not ininitely variable, that there is a
very controlledset, makes them a commonvocabulary across
peopleand cultures.

JENNIFER DANIEL,creative director for Google emoji, Google:
At irst people used them as nouns. Now they’re being used
more as punctuation to indicate intent, the way an exclama-
tion point signals enthusiasm. Emojiallow people to text the
way they talk, with tone and emotion.

CHAPTER TWO
Diversifying the emojiverse

Each year, Unicode approves more emoji, but the organisation
doesn’t determine their inal appearance. That’s up to vendors
such as Appleand Google. As these companies began to render
their versions, user expectations changed.

MARCEL DANESI,anthropological linguist, University of
Toronto:Early emoji removedissues of gender, race, and
cl ass completely.Theywere abstract symbols devoid of any
of those connotations.

EVERSON:When Apple released a version of iOS with emojioji
in 2011, everyone thought it was cute and fun. Except Appple
had screwed up skin colour, because they hadn’t madee all

the people blue Smurfs or yellllow Simpsons. They made

them white people.

DANESI:If you’re using tthese a lot, one day you’re going to

say, I’m tired of using thhe basic yellow smiley face. It doesn’t

relect my own skin.

DANIEL:People don’t want to go to the emoji keyboard and

not recognise themseelves.

EVERSON:I proposeed a ix that if we needed ive grandfa-

ther emoji, let’s just eencode ive grandfather emoji. What

Unicode ended up doiing was encoding ive skin-tone

patches that relate to thhe Fitzpatrick skin-burning scale.

THOMAS B. FITZPATRICCK,dermatologist (1919–2003),“The

validity and practicality of sf sun-reactive skin types I through

VI”:A simple working classiiiication was proposed, based

not on hair or eye colour, but onon what patients say their

responses aretoaninitialsun expposure.

UNICODE TECHNICAL STANDARD #51:1:FFive symbol modi-

ier characters that providprovide for a range of skin tonesnes for human

emoji were releeleased in Unicode Version 8.0.[Ed. note: Fitzpatt-

rick’s twowo fairest tones, I and II, share a modiier.]ED-11 emoji

mododiier:acharacter that canbeused to modifytheappear-

ance of a preceding emoji in an emoji-modiier sequence.

HUNT:These things happenbelow the level ofuserinterac-

tion. The user just uses their emoji keyboard, and it will spit

out the corresponding Unicode sequence for “princess with

medium skin tone” or“woman runner with dark skin tone.”

EVERSON:Itwasawayofdividing thisthing up reasonably.

There was a problem, and Unicode ixed it. It works, and

people seem to be happy using it.

CHAPTER THREE

Great,but what a bout the h air?

With the release of version 8.0 in June 2015, Kelly and other red-

headswerefuming.Modern Familyactor Jesse Tyler Ferguson

tweeted his disappointment, and comedian Scott“Carrot Top”

Thompson wrote a thinkpieceforTime. Asfar as Unicode was

concerned, dye jobs weren’t part of their job description.

UTS #51:It is beyond the scope of Unicode to provide an

encoding-based mechanism to represent every aspect of

human-appearance diversitythat emoji users might want to

indicate.... No particular hair colour is required; however, dark

hair is generally regarded as more neutral because people of

every skin tone can have black (or very dark brown) hair.

KELLY:I was quite angry at the time, so I fairly hurriedly cre-

ated achange.orggpetition. Eventually we gathered more than

20,000 signatures. Unicode originally told me that what

ANDERSEN ROSS

/GETTY IMAGES; © EMOJIONE

Apple had screwed up skin colour,

because they hadn’t made

all the people blue Smurfs or

yellow Simpsons.

They made them white people.

Michhael Everson

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