106 PART | III ITS business models
9.4 ITS key targets to strengthen European and worldwide
industry and its competitiveness
ITS are associated with key industries in Europe and worldwide—the automo-
tive industry with highly efficient automated driving and the manufacturing in-
dustries with highly automated decision processes. On the meta-level the build-
ing blocks for both applications can effectively be assigned to three layers:
on the bottom, there is the “drive” layer including motors and engine, trans-
mission, braking, steering, and suspension (automotive)/or the processing
layer (industry);
the middle layer “environment sensing” is composed of on-board sensors
(e.g., ultrasonic, LiDAR, radar and camera sensors, GPS, digital maps), con-
nectivity (DSRC, WiFi, and cellular network) and data fusion (sensor data,
central computing)/or the quality inspection in industrial manufacturing by
inspection, measurements, etc.;
on top, we find the “decision making” layer, which hosts software for deci-
sion making and the HMI to the driver/or in the industrial case the quality
approval.9.5 Artificial intelligence (AI) is the basis for cognitive,
human-centered ITS
The European position in research, development, and application of cognitive
and AI has fallen behind the United States and China. One sobering and alarm-
ing indicator is a look at the publication figures of the recent AAAI Conference
on AI (Kopf, 2018). The United States alone is responsible for more than one-
third of the publications closely followed by China that has nearly a quarter.
European countries like France, Germany, and Italy are at a mere 2% each.
Together, the European countries dropped from second place in 2012 with 19%
FIGURE 9.4 Advantages and use cases for automated vehicles as a subset of ITS.