160 PART | IV ITS regulations, policies and standards
a TPEG service, which can be subject to the existence of a subscription to the
service. The remaining parts of the TPEG2 standard define the UML modeling
rules (part 2), the conversion rules to binary (part 3), and XML (part 4), the ser-
vice framework (part 5), the message management container (part 6), the traffic
flow and prediction application (part 18), etc.
The European Car-2-Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC)(https://
http://www.car-2-car.org/)) brings together research institutions and the industry (e.g.,
car manufacturers and car-part suppliers) under the common objective of devel-
oping and deploying cooperative ITS (C-ITS) and services. The Consortium
develops, tests, and deploys V2V and V2I short-range communication solutions
for improving road safety and road efficiency.
Last, but not least, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) (http://www.
opengeospatial.org/) is another international open standards provider that spe-
cializes in geospatial standards. The standards are freely available for anyone
to use or improve and cover a wide range of domains, which are all implicitly
related to ITS, including smart cities, IoT & sensor webs, and mobile technology.
14.3 An overview of ITS-related standards
The comprehensive review work of Williams (2008) provides a long list of ITS
related standards, mainly focusing on ISO standards, but also on those issued
by other bodies. Since ITS cover a wide area of application and require multiple
systems to co-operate in a standardized way, the presentation of related stan-
dards has to be organized in a way that covers the various system aspects. If we
examine ITSs as information systems then it is easier to understand their key
components and organize the standards related to each one of them.
Sensing technologies are a key component of ITSs. Consequently, proper
knowledge of the standards and protocols used at the level of sensors is impor-
tant for developing such systems. The most important standards for sensing
devices are:
• The IEEE 2700-2017 Standard (IEEE,^2017 ) defines a minimum set of per-
formance parameters for the basic sensors in the market and a methodology
for measuring the performance in an effort to reduce the overhead for the
integration of sensor-based systems and to accelerate time to market. The
list of sensors comprises (1) accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers,
and combinations for motion monitoring, (2) pressure, temperature, humid-
ity, and light sensors for environmental monitoring, and (3) proximity sen-
sors for collision avoidance applications. The standard specifies the units
and distributions for each sensor when it operates in normal and extreme
conditions.
• The IEEE 1451 family of standards (Lee, 2000) provides an interface for
smart and networked sensors and a standardized method, which is known
as Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS), for storing information and
metadata for sensors and actuators, such as the sensor id, the calibration