papers further examining the spread of behaviour and content
online.
Whitney Phillips’s report The Oxygen of Amplification: Better
Practices for Reporting on Extremists (Data & Society, 2018)
provides a valuable summary of media manipulation efforts, and
potential ways to overcome these. Zucked: Waking Up to the
Facebook Catastrophe (HarperCollins, 2019) by Roger McNamee
discusses the downsides of social media platforms, including more
details on the work of Tristan Harris and Renée DiResta. ‘Protecting
elections from social media manipulation’ by Sinan Aral and Dean
Eckles (Science, 2019) has suggestions for ways to rigorously
measure online manipulation and the potential implications for
elections.
Chapter 6
For more on the origins and legacy of Mirai attack, see Garrett
Graff’s pair of articles for Wired: ‘How a Dorm Room Minecraft Scam
Brought Down the Internet’ (2017) and ‘The Mirai Botnet Architects
Are Now Fighting Crime With the FBI’ (2018). Landmark papers such
as ’Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments’ by Fred Cohen
(1984) and ‘How to 0wn the Internet in Your Spare Time’ by Stuart
Staniford and colleagues (Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Security
Symposium, 2002) have more technical details on the history of
viruses and worms. Linked: The New Science of Networks by Albert-
László Barabási (Perseus, 2002) describes the history of network
theory, including how networks shape malware outbreaks.
Chapter 7
‘Towards a genomics-informed, real-time, global pathogen
surveillance system’ by Jennifer Gardy and Nick Loman (Nature
Reviews Genetics, 2018) reviews how sequencing tools can be used
to diagnose and track diseases. ’Outbreak analytics: a developing
data science for informing the response to emerging pathogens’
(Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2019) explores
the uses of data science during outbreaks, as well as areas for
improvement.