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Skies, Night Sky, SkyWeek, and ESSCO.SPECTRUM by Peter Tyson
China’s Dream
EVER SINCE THE MOON LANDINGS a h alf century ago, the U.S. has
enjoyed preeminence in space exploration. It has sent probes to
all planets in the solar system and placed robots on the surface of
Mars eight times, among many other signal achievements.
Other space agencies besides NASA have accomplished great
feats during that time as well, of course, most notably those of Russia, the
European Union, and Japan. And in recent years, new spacefaring hopefuls have
entered the arena, including India and the United Arab Emirates.
But one country arguably harbors aspirations to supplant all other nations,
including the U.S., in the exploration and use of space: China. And some ana-
lysts believe it has the drive and the resources to do so. As Andrew Jones makes
clear in his cover story on page 34, the Celestial Empire has plans for an impres-
sive array of space missions through the 2020s and beyond.
The U.S. last put a man on the Moon in 1972. Since NASA retired the Space
Shuttle in 2011, it has struggled to build its replacement spacecraft. It relies on
Russia to send American astronauts to the Inter-
national Space Station, or ISS (at more than $
million a seat). Successive U.S. administrations have
waffl ed in their space aims, pushing for the Moon,
then Mars, then the Moon again.
China, meanwhile, appears to be dead-set on its
chosen course. As stated in a November 2019 report
to Congress by the U.S.-China Economic and Secu-
rity Review Commission, the People’s Republic has “a
single-minded focus and national-level commitment
to establishing itself as a global space leader.” The report quotes President Xi
as declaring that his country’s “space dream” is to “explore the vast universe,
develop aerospace enterprises, and build a strong aerospace country.”
While it got a comparatively late start, China has rapidly caught up to other
top spacefaring nations. In 2013, just 10 years after it launched into orbit its
fi rst taikonaut (yes, that’s the term), China became only the third country to
soft-land a spacecraft on the Moon. Last year, a second Chinese spacecraft,
Chang’e 4, alighted on the Moon’s farside — a fi rst for any nation.
Accomplishing fi rsts seems to be central to China’s strategy. The country
plans to construct a Chinese space station even as the ISS ages, its future uncer-
tain. If it succeeds with current proposals, the People’s Republic might be the
fi rst nation to return a sample of Mars regolith to Earth and to erect a crewed
research station on the Moon.
So which nation will predominate in space 50 years
from now? It might just be China.Editor in ChiefThe Essential Guide to Astronomy
Founded in 1941 by Charles A. Federer, Jr.
and Helen Spence Federer
EDITORIAL
Editor in Chief Peter Tyson
Senior Editors J. Kelly Beatty, Alan M. MacRobert
Science Editor Camille M. Carlisle
News Editor Monica Young
Associate Editor Sean Walker
Observing Editor Diana Hannikainen
Consulting Editor Gary Seronik
Editorial Assistant Sabrina Garvin
Senior Contributing Editors
Dennis di Cicco, Robert Naeye, Roger W. Sinnott
Contributing Editors
Howard Banich, Jim Bell, Trudy Bell, John E. Bortle,
Greg Bryant, Thomas A. Dobbins, Alan Dyer,
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Ken Hewitt-White, Johnny Horne, Bob King,
Emily Lakdawalla, Rod Mollise, James Mullaney,
Donald W. Olson, Jerry Oltion, Joe Rao, Dean Regas,
Fred Schaaf, Govert Schilling, William Sheehan,
Mike Simmons, Mathew Wedel, Alan Whitman,
Charles A. Wood
Contributing Photographers
P. K. Chen, Akira Fujii, Robert Gendler,
Babak Tafreshi
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SOCIETY
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Senior Vice-President Michael Strauss, Princeton
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Trustees Marcel Agüeros, Columbia University;
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At-Large Trustees Tereasa Brainerd, Boston University;
Hannah Jang-Condell, University of Wyoming4 JUNE 2020 • SKY & TELESCOPE
CNSA / CLEP / DOUG ELLISONThe Chang’e 4 lander on
the Moon’s farside