The_Invention_of_Surgery

incorporating the tissues to nearby structures, and 3) functionally adapting
the tissues to adopt the role of previous tissues. The most common
reconstruction operation every year in the world is anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) reconstruction, in which tendon from a patient (or
cadaver) is implanted in a patient’s knee, and after healing, functions as a
stabilizing and critical knee ligament.
Substitution surgery involves complete replacement of a worn-out or
diseased body part with an implant that is meant to restore function.
Examples include joint replacement, wherein the arthritic bony surfaces,
with their worn-out cartilage, are resurfaced with metal or ceramic parts,
or heart valve replacement surgery, in which diseased or misshapen valves
are replaced with animal (pig or cow) or metal implants. Substitution
surgery can not only restore previously lost function, it can prolong life
and dramatically improve a person’s existence.
Stabilization surgery involves the implantation of devices that bolster
the body during a restorative healing process. Stabilization differs from
repair in that an additional structure, like a metal plate and screws, is
configured adjacent to a biological zone for healing. Severe displaced
fractures are internally stabilized with trauma hardware, which allows the
bone ends to slowly knit together. Similarly, spinal fusion is achieved by
linking vertebrae together with large screws and rods, attaining a fusion of
neighboring structures. Under the right conditions, this type of fusion is
advantageous, but only occurs when the stabilization is so secure that the
cells can accomplish solid healing across the chasm.
Restoration surgery reinstates function when the body cannot achieve it
on its own. When a heart has lost its own rhythmic pacing ability due to
diseased electrical conducting nerves, there is no medicine or nonsurgical
treatment that can restore normalcy. Implantation of a pacemaker restores
regular pacing of the heart—a profound and modern miracle. Another,
more recent marvel is deep-brain stimulation, in which precisely placed
electrical leads are positioned in tiny areas of the brain to affect a mood,
an inhibition, or excitation. Tremors or seizures are decreased (even
abolished); memory is enhanced, depression is lifted, and perhaps,
Alzheimer’s is held at bay.
Augmentation surgery and other types of plastic and aesthetic surgery
do not enhance function, but instead alter appearances with permanent