2 James Thomas Flexner and Simon Flexner, “William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of
American Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine, 1942; 227: 152–54, July 23, 1942.
3 Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted
(New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 42.
4 Joshua Berrett, “Doctors Afield: Theodor Billroth,” New England Journal of Medicine, 264;
Jan. 5, 1961, p. 38.
5 A. Cesmebasi, et al., “A Historical Perspective: Bernhard von Langenbeck German Surgeon
(1810–1887),” Clinical Anatomy 27: 972–75, 2014.
6 Ibid.
7 Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies (New York: Scribner, 2010), p. 58.
8 Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p.
391.
9 R. Kazi and R. Peter, “Christian Albert Theodor Billroth: Master of Surgery,” Journal of
Postgraduate Medicine, 2004; 50: 82–3.
10 Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p.
391.
11 M. Goerig, et al., “Carl Koller, Cocaine, and Local Anesthesia. Some less known and
forgotten facts,” Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 37(3, May-June): 318, 2012.
12 Ibid.
13 G. Gaertner, Die Entdeckung der Lokalanasthesia (Vienna: Der neue Tag, 1919), 6.
14 Ibid.
15 H. D. Noyes, “The Ophthalmological Congress in Heidelberg,” Medical Record. 1884; 26:
417–18.
16 Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted
(New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 55.
17 Howard Markel, An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the
Miracle Drug, Cocaine (New York: Vintage, 2012), p. 108.
18 Ibid., p. 111.
19 Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted
(New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 80.
20 Ibid., p. 87.
21 Ibid., p. 98.
22 Ibid., p. 349.
23 Sherwin Nuland, Doctors: The Biography of Medicine (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), p.
414.
24 Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted
(New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 115.
25 Ibid., p. 118.
26 Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies (New York: Scribner, 2010), p. 47.
27 Gerald Imber, Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted
(New York: Kaplan, 2011), p. 228.
28 Ibid., p. 233.
29 Ibid., p. 349.
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