USA Today - 18.03.2020

6D ❚ WEDNESDAY, MARCH 18, 2020 ❚ USA TODAY NEWS

Memory cells

3) These antibodies attach to antigens on the pathogens and prevent

pathogens from invading other cells. Antibodies signal other white

blood cells, which kill and remove the pathogens.

Š•—”‡‘Š’Ž˜†˜•ŠˆŽ²ˆ˜†•Š”‹†“™Ž‡”‰žŽ˜“ŠŠ‰Š‰Šš’†“

‡”‰ž†˜‡Ž‘‘Ž”“˜”‹œŽ™Š‡‘””‰ˆŠ‘‘˜Š†ˆ’†Ž“ŒŽ™˜”œ“

˜•ŠˆŽ†‘Z˜†•Š‰†“™Ž‡”‰ž

t™ˆ†“™†Š˜Š›Š—†‘‰†ž˜‹”—™ŠŽ’’š“Š˜ž˜™Š’™”

•—”‰šˆŠŠ“”šŒ˜•ŠˆŽ²ˆ†“™Ž‡”‰ŽŠ˜™”Ž‘‘™ŠŽ“›†‰Ž“Œ

•†™”ŒŠ“˜oš—Ž“Œ™†™™Ž’Š†•†™”ŒŠ“ˆ†“—Š•‘Žˆ†™Š

billions of copies, and become a health threat.

†ˆˆŽ“Š˜˜•ŠŠ‰š•™Š•—”ˆŠ˜˜‡ž’†Ž“Œ™ŠŽ’’š“Š˜ž˜™Š’

‡Š‘ŽŠ›ŠŽ™ ̈˜‡ŠŽ“Œ†™™†ˆŠ‰l‹™Š—†›†ˆˆŽ“Š•—Ž’Š˜ž”š—Ž’’š“Š

˜ž˜™Š’†“š’‡Š—”‹œŽ™Š‡‘””‰ˆŠ‘‘˜ˆ†‘‘Š‰’Š’”—žˆŠ‘‘˜†—Š

—Š†‰ž™”’†Š†“™Ž‡”‰ŽŠ˜Ž‹™Š—Š†‘•†™”ŒŠ“˜†™™†ˆ

Virus

„”š—Ž’’š“Š˜ž˜™Š’ŠŠ•˜ž”šœŠ‘‘‡ž—Šˆ”Œ“ŽŸŽ“Œ™Š‰Ž‹‹Š—Š“ˆŠ‡Š™œŠŠ“Š†‘™ž†“‰

†—’‹š‘ˆŠ‘‘˜l›Ž—š˜Ž“‹Šˆ™˜†”˜™ˆŠ‘‘™—†›Š‘˜™”™Š“šˆ‘Šš˜†“‰Ž†ˆ˜™ŠˆŠ‘‘˜ŒŠ“Š™Žˆ

’†™Š—Ž†‘‹”—ˆŽ“ŒŽ™™”’†Š’”—Š›Ž—š˜Š˜

1) When pathogens invade and

˜™†—™™”—Š•—”‰šˆŠž”š—Ž’’š“Š

˜ž˜™Š’—Šˆ”Œ“ŽŸŠ˜™Š’‡ž™ŠŽ—

shapes. The pathogens have

antigens, special proteins that

™—ŽŒŒŠ—†“†™™†ˆ‹—”’™Š‡”‰ž ̈˜

Ž’’š“Š˜ž˜™Š’

2) Some COVID-19

†“‰‹‘š•†™ŽŠ“™˜

respond to the

infection with an

overreaction that

ˆ†š˜Š˜Ž“‹‘†’’†™Ž”“

Ž“™Š‘š“Œ˜

„”šŒŠ™›†ˆˆŽ“†™Š‰‡ž

‡ŠŽ“ŒŽ“Šˆ™Š‰œŽ™†

safe variation of a

pathogen, that

mimics an infection.

„”š‰”“ ̈™ŒŠ™˜Žˆ‡š™

ž”š—œŽ™Š‡‘””‰ˆŠ‘‘˜

•—”‰šˆŠ†“™Ž‡”‰ŽŠ˜™”

²Œ™™†™•†™”ŒŠ“

like a real threat.

How vaccines help your

immune system

How vaccines are created

~z€}np€~lzol„—Š•”—™Ž“Œ~™†“‹”—‰€“Ž›Š—˜Ž™žošŠ€“Ž›Š—˜Ž™ž‚Š˜™Ž—ŒŽ“Ž†€“Ž›Š—˜Ž™žn”†‘Ž™Ž”“‹”—p•Ž‰Š’Žˆ{—Š•†—Š‰“Š˜˜t““”›†™Ž”“˜

y†™Ž”“†‘t“˜™Ž™š™Š”‹l‘‘Š—ŒŽŠ˜†“‰t“‹Šˆ™Ž”š˜oŽ˜Š†˜Š˜‚”—‘‰sŠ†‘™z—Œ†“ŽŸ†™Ž”“nŠ“™Š—˜‹”—oŽ˜Š†˜Šn”“™—”‘†“‰{—Š›Š“™Ž”“‡Ž”ˆŠ“™š—žˆ”’

›†ˆˆŽ“Š˜™”‰†žŠšoŠ•†—™’Š“™”‹sŠ†‘™†“‰sš’†“~Š—›ŽˆŠ˜˜ˆŽŠ“ˆŠ’†Œ”—Œ

†™˜‡Šˆ†š˜Šª›†ˆˆŽ“Š˜†—ŠŒŽ›Š“™”

Š†‘™ž•Š”•‘Š†˜•—Š›Š“™Ž”“«˜†ž˜o—

o†›Ž‰}Š‘’†“~™†“‹”—‰€“Ž›Š—˜Ž™ž

•—”‹Š˜˜”—”‹’Žˆ—”‡Ž”‘”Œž†“‰Ž’’š“”‘”Œž

and senior fellow at the Freeman Spogli

t“˜™Ž™š™Š‹”—t“™Š—“†™Ž”“†‘~™š‰ŽŠ˜ª„”š

‰”“ ̈™œ†“™™”’†ŠŠ†‘™ž•Š”•‘Š˜Žˆ«

{—Š›Š“™Ž›Š›†ˆˆŽ“Š˜‰”“ ̈™™—Š†™”—ˆš—Š

˜Žˆ“Š˜˜[™Šž•—Ž’Šž”š—Ž’’š“Š˜ž˜™Š’

™”²Œ™†•”™Š“™Ž†‘‰Ž˜Š†˜Š

Š‰Š‹Š“‰Š—˜†—Šž”š—white

blood cellsŠ˜•ŠˆŽ†‘‘ž™Š

ones called lymphocytes that

•—”‰šˆŠantibodies.

Šq””‰†“‰o—šŒl‰’Ž“Ž˜™—†™Ž”“†••—”›Š˜†“‰‘ŽˆŠ“˜Š˜†

›†ˆˆŽ“Š‡Š‹”—Š•š‡‘Žˆš˜Š†ˆˆŽ“Š˜†—Š‰Š›Š‘”•Š‰Ž“

laboratories and tested on animals before clinical trials with

š’†“›”‘š“™ŠŠ—˜

ªn‘Ž“Žˆ†‘™Š˜™˜‹”ˆš˜”“˜†‹Š™ž«o—t›†“x†—™Ž“ŠŸ˜†ž˜

ª†ˆˆŽ“Š˜†—ŠŒŽ›Š“™”Š†‘™ž†‰š‘™˜‡Š‹”—Š†ˆ™š†‘•†™ŽŠ“™˜

ŒŠ™™Š’«t“•—Šˆ‘Ž“Žˆ†‘™Š˜™˜™Š›†ˆˆŽ“ŠŽ˜™Š˜™Š‰Ž“

†“Ž’†‘˜™”’Š†˜š—Š™”ŽˆŽ™žŠ‹²ˆŽŠ“ˆž”‹‰”˜†ŒŠ†“‰

methods to administer it.

ªt‹™Š›†ˆˆŽ“Š•—”™Šˆ™˜Ž“†“Ž’†‘’”‰Š‘˜Ž™ˆ†“‡Š’†‰Š

•š—ŠŠ“”šŒ™”‡Š™Š˜™Š‰”“š’†“˜«o—m†—™s†ž“Š˜™”‘‰

€~lzol„Š˜™Ž“Œˆ”“™Ž“šŠ˜œŽ™

Š—Š†—Š†›†—ŽŠ™ž”‹›†ˆˆŽ“Š˜ˆ‘†˜˜Ž²Š‰‡ž”œ™Šž ̈—Š’†‰ŠŠ’”˜™ˆ”’’”“Ž˜™Š

Ž“†ˆ™Ž›†™Š‰›†ˆˆŽ“ŠœŽˆš˜Š˜•†™”ŒŠ“˜™†™†›Š‡ŠŠ“œŠ†Š“Š‰

1) l›Ž—š˜Ž˜Ž“Šˆ™Š‰Ž“™”

‘Ž›Ž“ŒˆŠ‘‘˜˜šˆ†˜†

ˆŽˆŠ“Š’‡—ž”œŽˆ

†‘‘”œ˜Ž™™”—Š•—”‰šˆŠ

3)Š›Ž—š˜Ž˜•š—Ž²Š‰†“‰

†“†‰š›†“™™†™Š‘•™—ŽŒŒŠ—

†“Ž’’š“Š—Š˜•”“˜ŠŽ˜

added.

z™Š—™ž•Š˜”‹›†ˆˆŽ“Š˜š˜Š

™Š“šˆ‘ŠŽˆ†ˆŽ‰˜DNA and

RNA€˜Š‰”“‘žŽ“ˆ‘Ž“Žˆ†‘

trials so far, these vaccines

are based on a bit of the

•†™”ŒŠ“˜ŒŠ“Š™Žˆˆ”‰Š

}Š˜Š†—ˆŠ—˜˜†ž}ylZ‡†˜Š‰

vaccines can be developed

’”—Š–šŽˆ‘ž†“‰ˆ”š‘‰‡Š

’šˆŠ†˜ŽŠ—™”’†“š‹†ˆ™š—Š

than conventional vaccines.

5) Š˜”‘š™Ž”“Ž˜†‰‰Š‰™”†

‘Ž–šŽ‰˜šŽ™†‡‘Š‹”—Ž“Šˆ™Ž”“

2) Š›Ž—š˜’”‰Ž²Š˜Ž™˜ŒŠ“Š˜

™”—Š•—”‰šˆŠ~Ž“ˆŠˆŽˆŠ“

cells are different, the changed

›Ž—š˜‘”˜Š˜Ž™˜†‡Ž‘Ž™ž™”

—Š•—”‰šˆŠŽ“š’†“˜

˜™Šˆ”—”“†›Ž—š˜˜•—Š†‰˜‰Š†™˜’”š“™†“‰‹Š†—˜Œ—”œ†ˆ—”˜˜™ŠŒ‘”‡Š

‡Ž”™Šˆˆ”’•†“ŽŠ˜š“Ž›Š—˜Ž™ŽŠ˜†“‰Œ”›Š—“’Š“™†ŒŠ“ˆŽŠ˜˜ˆ—†’‡‘Š‹”—†

›†ˆˆŽ“Š™”ˆ”“™†Ž“Ž™l“š’‡Š—”‹ˆ”’•†“ŽŠ˜†›Š†““”š“ˆŠ‰•—”Œ—Š˜˜

s”œŠ›Š—™Š†••—”›†‘•—”ˆŠ˜˜‹”—›†ˆˆŽ“Š˜Ž˜’šˆ’”—Š‰Š’†“‰Ž“Œ™†“‹”—

’”˜™’Š‰ŽˆŽ“Š˜p›Š“Ž‹™Š˜†’•‘Š˜•†˜˜ˆ‘Ž“Žˆ†‘™Š˜™˜•—”‰šˆ™Ž”“”‹†š˜†‡‘Š

ˆ”—”“†›Ž—š˜›†ˆˆŽ“ŠœŽ‘‘•—”‡†‡‘ž™†Š™”%’”“™˜

A

Phase I:

Phase 2:

Time Number of test subjects

Several months Twenty to 100

€•™”™œ”žŠ†—˜

Phase 3:

€•™”‹”š—žŠ†—˜

Several hundred

300 to 3,000

= 1 month

C.nŠ‘‘—Š•—”‰šˆŠ˜

›Ž—š˜

B.Š›Ž—š˜Ž“Šˆ™˜

RNA into the cell

A.Ž—š˜

Infected attaches to cell

host cell

Antibody

White blood cell

Bacteria

Antibodies

attach to

antigens

killing

›Ž—š˜

Ž—š˜8

Chicken embryo

1— Not

to scale

Adjuvant

Heat

Formaldehyde

Vaccine clinical tests take months

Why a coronavirus vaccine is more than

a year away, despite medical

researchers’ progress

4) Š›Ž—š˜Ž˜Ž‘‘Š‰œŽ™

Š†™”—‹”—’†‘‰Šž‰Š

t“™Ž˜²Œ™Ž“˜Ž‰Šž”š—‡”‰ž™ŠŠ“Š’ž

†—Š‰Ž˜Š†˜ŠZˆ†š˜Ž“ŒŒŠ—’˜†‘˜”“”œ“

as pathogensŽ“ˆ‘š‰Ž“Œviruses and

bacteria.